All

AADAC	Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commissionhttp://www.aadac.com/
Aboriginal	collective term for the indigenous peoples of Canada and their descendants, including M�tis, Inuit and First Nations, on and off reserves and status and non-status under the Indian Act
Aboriginal Culture and Spirituality	traditional and religious practices of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, including the ceremonial use of tobacco for which exemptions are provided under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act
Aboriginal Tobacco Program (ATP)	an aboriginal-focused tobacco control program of Cancer Care Ontario (formerly Aboriginal Tobacco Strategy) http://www.tobaccowise.com/
Absolute Price	the actual retail price of a tobacco product in a given place at a given time not adjusting for inflation and disposable income (cf. Real Price)
Absolute Risk	the probability that a person or specified population will develop a particular disease over a period of time, e.g., if 1000 daily smokers between the ages of 60 and 70 were followed for 10 years and 52 of them developed lung cancer, then based on this sample the absolute risk of developing lung cancer for daily smokers between the ages of 60 and 70 over 10 years would be 52 per 1000 or 5.2% (cf. Relative Risk)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Abstainer	a current nonsmoker (see also Lifetime Abstinence, Sustained Abstinence)
Abstinence	refraining from smoking (see also Lifetime Abstinence, Sustained Abstinence)
Access	(1) ability of a person or group to see, obtain, possess and especially to pay for tobacco products; (2) legal entitlement to enter premises where tobacco is sold, which may be subject to age restrictions (see also Youth Access)
Accessibility	(1) broadly, the ability of a person or group to acquire and especially to pay for tobacco products; (2) specifically, concerns policies that restrict economic access to tobacco products by increasing price through taxation
Accessories	see Tobacco Product Accessories
Acetaldehyde	toxic substance found in tobacco smoke which causes irritation of skin, eyes and respiratory tract and is thought to be associated with risk of cancer and fetal infection
Act	(1) legislation, which in Canada may be federal, provincial or territorial (see also Federal Legislation and Provincial Legislation); (2) in Ontario, the result after a bill has undergone Third Reading, been passed by the Legislative Assembly and received Royal Assent
Action	in the Transtheoretical Model, a stage in the life of a smoker characterized by having quit smoking within the past six months
Activities	the events or actions that are part of a tobacco control program
Acute Effect	immediate and short-term reaction to an exposure, e.g., for a current smoker an acute effect of smoking a cigarette may be relief from nicotine craving
Addiction	(1) compulsive use of a substance (e.g., tobacco) despite undesired consequences or a desire to stop, often accompanied by neurochemical and molecular changes in the brain; (2) by extension, compulsive performance of certain types of behaviour (e.g., gambling) despite undesired consequences or a desire to stopReference: Kalant H, Kalant OJ. Drugs, Society and Personal Choice. Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, 1971.
Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario (ARF)	former provincial addictions agency that merged in 1998 with the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, the Queen Street Mental Health Centre and the Donwood Institute to become the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), a public hospital
ADHD	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADM	Assistant Deputy Minister, generally the second highest level in a bureaucracy
Adolescent	a person who is older than a child but younger than a young adult, generally defined as 12 to 17 years old, an age group at risk for smoking initiation
Adoption	(1) in Diffusion of Innovation, the taking up of a new idea, product or practice by members of a given culture, which sometimes follows a pattern over time from low to high rates of adoption ending in common practice; (2) in RE-AIM, the number, proportion and representativeness of settings and staff who are willing to offer a tobacco control program(1) Reference: Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovations, Fifth Edition. Free Press, New York, 2003. (2) Available at: http://www.re-aim.org/2003/researchers/adoption_res.html; accessed Feb. 5, 2009
Adult	(1) in Canada federally, a person who is 18 years old or more, although 6 Canadian provinces (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island) and one Canadian territory (Nunavut) make it illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19; (2) in some population surveys, includes persons aged 15 years and older
Advertising	(1) broadly, bringing to public notice a product or service by displaying it on billboards or other settings, publishing it in the press or announcing it in the electronic media; (2) in tobacco control, usually refers to the advertising of tobacco products, which in Canada is restricted (not totally banned) under the 1997 federal Tobacco Act (see also In-Store Advertising, Lifestyle Advertising, Tobacco Industry Marketing, Tombstone Advertising)(1) Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Advocacy	see Tobacco Control Advocacy
Affect	technical term for mood, which in smokers may be influenced by use of or withdrawal from nicotine (see also Negative Affect and Positive Affect)
Affordability	price of cigarettes in relation to disposable incomeReference: Blecher EH, van Walbeek CP. An international analysis of cigarette affordability. Tobacco Control 2004;13:339-346.
Agency for Health Protection and Promotion	an Ontario public health agency linking researchers, practitioners and front-line healthcare workers to the best scientific intelligence from around the worldhttp://www.oahpp.ca
Agent	in the epidemiologic model of disease transmission, the active cause of disease, e.g., tobacco products (the agent) as the cause of cancer
AHS	Alberta Health Services
Air Dilution	synonym for Ventilation
Air Quality	relative healthiness of the air for breathing as determined by the presence or absence of harmful pollutants, e.g., secondhand smoke
Alberta Cancer Board and Foundation	provincial organization in Alberta committed to solving the problem of cancer in all its complexity across the continuum of prevention to treatment to support http://www.cancerboard.ab.ca/
Alberta Health Services (AHS)	provincial health authority in Alberta whose goal is to provide accessible and sustainable patient-focused health services to all the citizens of Alberta; AHS is the current governing body for the AADAC and the Alberta Cancer Board and Foundation http://www.albertahealthservices.ca/
AMA	American Medical Association http://www.ama-assn.org/
Amendment	modification of legislation by parliamentary or constitutional procedure for the purpose of improving or updating the legislation in some way
Ammonia	toxic substance in tobacco smoke which causes asthma and eye irritation
Amount Smoked Daily	in survey and clinical research, level of self-reported smoking which is used as a measure of nicotine dependence and often expressed as a range, e.g., 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26+ cigarettes per day, or as a mean value, e.g., average of 10.5 cigarettes per day in the past 30 days (see also Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI))Reference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	(1) briefly, a statistical method for assessing the size of differences among means of two or more variables; (2) more explicitly, a statistical method for isolating and assessing the contribution of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variableLast JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Annual Cessation Rate	percentage of current smokers from a defined population who successfully quit smoking in a given one-year period
Annual Quit Rate	synonym for Annual Cessation Rate
ANOVA	Analysis of Variance
Anti-Contraband Measure	action, intervention or law that discourages the illegal sale of untaxed cigarettes (see also Tracking and Tracing)Reference: Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, 2008. Catalogue No. PS61-11/2007; ISBN 978-0-662-05403-0. Available at: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ce-da/tobacco-tabac-strat-2008-eng.htm; accessed Feb. 26, 2009.
Anti-Tobacco	an attitude of disapproval sometimes combined with action against tobacco products and the tobacco industry
Anti-Tobacco Campaign	a range of public actions, often involving use of the mass media, to discourage smoking and expose the deficiencies of the tobacco industry
Antidepressant	a drug used primarily to treat depression, which may occur among smokers trying to quit smoking (see also Bupropion Hydrochloride, Varenicline, Zyban®)
APHA	American Public Health Association http://www.apha.org/
Application	the putting into practice of research findings on tobacco control
Applied Research	loose term for research that is carried out as a by-product of routine service or for a specific pragmatic purposeReference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Arc Elasticity	the ratio of the proportional change in one variable (e.g., smoking prevalence) to the proportional change in another (e.g., cigarette price) as actually measured between points over a discrete range
ARF	Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario
ASH	(1) Action on Smoking and Health, an Alberta-based tobacco control organization (2) Action on Smoking and Health in the United States (3) Action on Smoking and Health in the United Kingdom (1) http://www.ash.ca/ (2) http://www.ash.org/ (3) http://www.ash.org.uk/
Assessment	a core function of public health involving the systematic collection and analysis of data to be used for decision makingAvailable at: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309038308&page=141; accessed Feb. 4, 2009.
ASSIST	American Stop Smoking Intervention StudyReference: Stillman F, Hartman A, Graubard B, Gilpin E, Chavis D, Garcia J, Wun LM, Lynn W, Manley M. The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study: conceptual framework and evaluation design. Evaluation Review 1999;23(3):259-280.
Asthma	chronic sometimes fatal respiratory disease characterized by laboured breathing, wheezing, a sense of constriction in the chest and coughing, for which exposure to secondhand smoke is a risk factor in children and adultsReference: Canadian Lung Association. Diseases A-Z. Canadian Lung Association, Ottawa, 2008. Available at: http://www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/a-z_e.php; accessed Mar 11, 2009.
At Risk	the likelihood that certain persons or groups (e.g., young adults) will engage in smoking behaviourReference: Gilpin EA, White VM, Pierce JP. What fraction of young adults are at risk for future smoking and who are they? Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2005;7:747-759.
ATF	official abbreviation of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, sometimes unofficially abbreviated BATF http://www.atf.gov/
ATP	Aboriginal Tobacco Program
ATS	(Ontario) Aboriginal Tobacco Strategy, former name of the Aboriginal Tobacco Program
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	a childhood condition characterized by hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity, which is more common in boys than girls and may sometimes be associated with maternal smoking
Attributable Risk	a measure of how much the total incidence of a disease is caused by a particular risk factor, e.g., if the attributable risk of smoking tobacco products for lung cancer is 85%, then 85% of lung cancer would be eliminated if they quit smoking (cf. Relative Risk)
Augmentation Features	extra horizontal or vertical display pieces extending beyond rows of cigarettes in a power wall for the purpose of attracting customer attention
Availability	(1) broadly, conditions that have an impact on opportunities for buying or otherwise obtaining tobacco products, how often and where tobacco products are seen, and as a consequence how normative they are in a given environment; (2) more narrowly, the physical presence of tobacco products in the retail environment, as determined by the number and characteristics of tobacco sales outlets as well as hours and days of sale (see also Outlet Density)Reference: Ferrence R. Learning from tobacco: bans on commercial availability are not unthinkable. Addiction 2003;98:720-721.
Availability Theory	an idea from alcohol policy to the effect that increased availability leads to increased consumption which in turn leads to increased problem ratesReference: Single E. The availability theory of alcohol-related problems. In: Chaudron CD, Wilkinson DA (eds.). Theories on Alcoholism. Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, pp. 325-351, 1988.
Aversive Smoking	cessation therapies that use unpleasant sensations or associations to help people quit smoking, e.g., focused smoking, rapid smokingReference: University of Wisconsin Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention. Glossary. Madison, Wisconsin, 2005. Available at: http://www.ctri.wisc.edu/Home/Glossary.html; accessed Mar. 30, 2009.
AYC	Area Youth Coalition, any of several Ontario regional youth groups dedicated to tobacco control under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy
Baggie	usually clear closable plastic bag used as packaging for contraband cigarettes (see also Smoke Shack/Shop)
Ban	prohibition, e.g., the ban on the retail display of tobacco products in Ontario effective May 31, 2008, under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act (see also Complete Ban, Partial Ban, Restriction)
BAT	British American Tobacco, a tobacco company
BATF	see ATF
Beedi	variant spelling of Bidi
Behavioural Intention	in the Health Belief Model, an individual�s perception that he or she is likely to perform a certain health-related behaviour, e.g., quit smoking (see also Intention to Quit)
Benzene	toxic liquid hydrocarbon used as a solvent and motor fuel, found in tobacco smoke and classified as a Type A carcinogen under the 1999 federal Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA)
Best Practices	(1) the consensus of expert panels on acceptable organization, staffing and provision of services by a public health agency, medical clinic, hospital or other healthcare facility; (2) interventions supported by research evidence that is sufficiently rigorous to convince expert panels they are likely or very likely to have a measurable positive impact on health(1) Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Betel Nut Quid	a mildly stimulating, addictive smokeless tobacco product made with palm nuts and other ingredients that may include tobacco, which is held in the mouth and chewed and is popular in the Western Pacific and parts of Asia and India
Betel Quid	synonym for Betel Nut Quid
Better Practices	plausible, appropriate, evidence-based and well-executed actions and processes designed to reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease, with the idea, however, that further improvements in these practices are possible and looked for
Better Practices Toolkit	an archived database of tobacco control interventions for community workers in Ontario sponsored by the Program Training and Consultation Centre (PTCC)
Bidi	thin often flavoured South Asian cigarette wrapped in the leaves of a tendu plant, which is popular in India
Big Tobacco	colloquial synonym for the tobacco industry
Bill	(1) in general, a draft of a law; (2) in Ontario, the draft of a law presented to the Legislative Assembly for consideration, which must pass three readings and then receive Royal Assent before becoming an Act
Bill C-32	see Cracking Down on Tobacco Marketing Aimed at Youth Act
Biochemical Marker	synonym for Biomarker
Biomarker	indicator signaling an event or condition in a biological system or sample (e.g., blood) that gives a measure of exposure, effect or susceptibility (see also Cotinine)Reference: Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 2009;31(1):14-30.
Black Market	illegal buying and selling of tobacco products (not to be confused with Dark Market)
Blood-Brain Barrier	a network of blood vessels that help to prevent potentially dangerous substances from entering the brain, which is easily crossed by nicotine
Blunt Wrap	similar to rolling paper, a blunt wrap is a sheet or tube made of tobacco, which can be used to roll cigarette tobacco (or other substances); under the Canadian federal Cracking Down on Tobacco Marketing Aimed at Youth Act (Bill C-32), blunt wraps are no longer allowed to be sold in packs of less than 20 in Canada (effective April 6, 2010) and flavoured blunt wraps (along with other flavoured tobacco products) are no longer allowed to be sold in Canada (effective July 5, 2010)http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/federal/amend_faq-modif-eng.php#q2
Bong	synonym for Water Pipe
Brand	(1) in ordinary usage, name associated with a line of similarly labeled cigarettes, e.g., Belvedere, du Maurier, Virginia Slims; (2) in tobacco industry usage, the individual stock-keeping unit (a level of detail found on the UPC bar code) such that the tobacco industry considers, e.g., Players Extra Light Regular and Players Extra Light King Size, to be two different brandsReference: Non-Smokers� Rights Association/Smoking and Health Action Foundation. The Influence of Tobacco Powerwall Advertising on Children. J. Gottheil Marketing Communications Inc., Richmond Hill, March 2005. Available at: http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms/file/pdf/Tobacco_Powerwalls.pdf; accessed Feb. 3, 2009.
Brand Awareness	public or individual recognition of names of cigarette brands and associated imagery, e.g., package colours
Brand Cannibalization	the act of switching between two cigarette brands produced by the same manufacturer such that the tobacco company does not gain and might lose money as a result
Brand Family	synonym for Variety
Brand Image	a tobacco industry marketing technique in which tobacco companies try to create an association between the name of a tobacco product, e.g., Virginia Slims, and positive attributes and outcomes, e.g., independence and success
Brand Line Extension	a tobacco industry marketing technique that uses an established brand name to launch a new slightly different product in the same category, thus exploiting brand awareness to encourage purchase of the new tobacco product
Brand Loyalty	tendency of smokers to continue buying and smoking the same brand of cigarette once their preference is established and to resist switching to another brand
Brand Recognition	synonym for Brand Awareness
Brand Stretching	use of name, colours and logo of a cigarette brand on other products (e.g., clothing) that are not subject to the same advertising restrictions that apply to tobacco products
Brand Switching	the act of switching from one brand of cigarette to another (which the tobacco industry claims to be the main purpose of tobacco advertising)
Bronchial Tubes	airways or tubes that carry air to the lungs and are harmed by tobacco smoke
Bronchitis	swelling of the airways that carry air to the lungs, which is aggravated by tobacco smoke and results in partial blocking of air flow in and out of the lungs (see also Chronic Bronchitis)Reference: Canadian Lung Association. Diseases A-Z. Canadian Lung Association, Ottawa, 2008. Available at: http://www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/a-z_e.php; accessed Mar 11, 2009.
Bupropion Hydrochloride	nicotine-free antidepressant that is used as a pharmacological therapy to help people quit smoking (see also Zyban®)
Burden	costs to society associated with tobacco use, which broadly speaking are health-related, healthcare-related, social and economic
Burden of Disease	severity of health set-back for a person or population measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity and other key indicators
Butt	unused remainder of cigarette after it has been smoked which may be left burning or may be stubbed or stamped out
Bylaw	regulation passed with city-wide or local application, e.g., the December 7, 1990, Bylaw No. 1 of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) forbidding smoking in many areas of TTC property, among other provisions (see also Municipal Bylaw) http://www3.ttc.ca/Riding_the_TTC/TTC_Bylaws.jsp
C-Store	abbreviation for Convenience Store
CAMH	Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
CAMH Monitor	since 1995, annual cross-sectional random telephone survey of Ontario adults aged 18 and over concerning alcohol, tobacco and other substances currently conducted by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)Reference: Ialomiteanu A, Adlaf EM. CAMH Monitor 2007: Technical Guide. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.camh.net/Research/camh_monitor.html; accessed Feb. 6, 2009.
CAN-ADAPTT	Canadian Action Network for the Advancement, Dissemination and Adoption of Practice-Informed Tobacco Treatment
Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA)	federal body in Canada responsible for controlling imports through ports of entry (land, marine, air) as well as targeting and investigating tobacco contraband shipments and monitoring the impact of changes in taxation of tobacco products on illegal international movement of tobaccohttp://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/menu-eng.html
Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)	tax agency that oversees federal taxation of tobacco products and regulates activities involving the manufacture, sale and possession of tobacco products in Canada http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/menu-e.html
Canadian Action Network for the Advancement, Dissemination and Adoption of Practice-Informed Tobacco Treatment (CAN-ADAPTT)	a national practice-based research network committed to knowledge exchange among those who are in a position to facilitate smoking cessation, e.g., practitioners and healthcare providers http://www.can-adaptt.net
Canadian Cancer Society (CCS)	a national community-based organization whose mission is the eradication of cancer and the enhancement of the quality of life of people living with cancer http://www.cancer.ca/canada-wide.aspx
Canadian Coalition for Action on Tobacco (CCAT)	an Ottawa-based non-profit non-governmental umbrella group of several health agencies that work together to reduce the consequences of tobacco use, e.g., Canadian Cancer Society (CCS), Canadian Council for Tobacco Control (CCTC), Canadian Dental Association, Canadian Lung Association, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Non-Smokers� Rights Association (NSRA), Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (PSC)
Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)	since 2000, cross-sectional nationwide survey of persons aged 12 and over that collects information on health status, healthcare utilization and health determinants, conducted by Statistics CanadaAvailable at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/health-sante/index-eng.htm; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA)	1999 Canadian federal legislation that lists substances considered to be toxic or carcinogenic, including some found in tobacco smoke, e.g., benzene and formaldehydeAvailable at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/the_act; accessed Feb. 19, 2009.
Canadian Global Tobacco Control Forum (CGTCF)	since 2003, collaboration of leading Canadian tobacco control organizations and Canadian organizations that support international public health to implement the recommendations of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Canada and abroad http://www.healthbridge.ca/tobacco_strengthening_e.cfm
Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS)	from 2007 to 2009, a national Canadian survey that measures the physical health status of Canadians based on a representative sample of about 5000 Canadians aged 6 to 79 years, conducted by Statistics Canada in partnership with Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) http://www.statcan.gc.ca/bsolc/olc-cel/olc-cel?lang=eng&catno=82-003-S2007000
Canadian Lung Association	a Canadian organization with national and provincial sites, which assists, educates and empowers persons living with or caring for others with lung disease http://www.lung.ca/
Canadian Partnership against Cancer (CPAC)	an independent organization funded by the federal government to accelerate action on cancer control across Canada http://www.partnershipagainstcancer.ca
Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative (CTCRI)	a partnership of several Canadian organizations supporting tobacco control research, which began in the late 1990s and in 2009 announced its intention to disband http://www.ctcri.ca/
Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers� Council (CTMC)	main lobby group for the tobacco industry in Canada
Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS)	since 1999, semi-annual cross-sectional nationwide tobacco-specific random telephone survey of persons aged 15 and over conducted by Statistics Canada for Health CanadaAvailable at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/index-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
Cancer	general term for more than 200 diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control, invading and destroying healthy nearby tissues and spreading to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems (see also Lung Cancer)
Cancer Care Ontario (CCO)	provincial agency responsible for continually improving cancer services in Ontario http://www.cancercare.on.ca/
Cancer Risk	likelihood or degree of likelihood that cancer will result from a condition or behaviour, e.g., smoking
Cancer Stick	slang for cigarette
Candy Cigarette	confection designed to look like a cigarette and sold to children, currently illegal in Nunavut
Cannabis	the psychoactive ingredient in Marijuana
Capacity	resources of individuals, organizational structures and broader systems, including levels of commitment needed for effective work within a comprehensive tobacco control strategy
Capacity Building	the creation of optimal conditions for success in tobacco control at the individual, program, agency or system level, involving the development of sustainable skills, organizational structures, resources and commitment with a view to prolonging and multiplying health gains
Carbon Monoxide	colourless, odourless toxic gas that occurs as a result of burning tobacco, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and causes health problems, e.g., respiratory and cardiac malfunction, depression of the central nervous system, diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, vomiting, convulsions and delay of fetal development
Carcinogen	something that causes cancer, e.g., in tobacco smoke, any of 40 known chemicals including benzene, formaldehyde and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) (see also Toxin)
Carcinogenesis	the process by which cancer is produced, involving several stages, e.g., initiation, promotion and progression Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Carcinogenic	cancer-causing
Carcinoma	the most common type of cancer consisting of a malignant tumour that may develop in skin cells or cells lining the lung, intestine, bladder, breast, uterus, kidney and prostate (see also Lung Cancer)
Cardiovascular Disease	diseases of the heart and blood vessels, e.g., coronary heart disease (CHD), known to be associated with the use of tobacco products
Carrier	synonym for Vector
Carton of Cigarettes	in Canada, a package legally containing 200 cigarettes consisting of 10 individual packs of 20 cigarettes each or 8 individual packs of 25 cigarettes each, with a retail price at the time of writing ranging from $70.23 (Quebec) to $93.08 (Newfoundland) (see also Taxation of Tobacco Products)Available at: http://www.cctc.ca/cctc/EN/tcrc/multimedia/tcmultimedia.2009-02-23.4875501052; accessed Mar. 2, 2009.
Case-Control Study	a retrospective study design in which people who already have a certain condition are compared with people who do not
CATI	Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview, a standard technique for conducting population surveys
CAWG	Community Action Working Group, the provincial operational planning group for the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy
CBSA	Canada Border Services Agency
CCAT	Canadian Coalition for Action on Tobacco
CCHS	Canadian Community Health Survey
CCO	Cancer Care Ontario
CCS	Canadian Cancer Society
CCSA	(1) Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (2) Canadian Convenience Stores Association (see also Convenience Store )(1) http://www.ccsa.ca/
CCTC	Canadian Council for Tobacco Control http://www.cctc.ca/
CDC	(U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/
CDPAC	Chronic Disease Prevention Alliance of Canada http://www.cdpac.ca/
CDPHPB	(Ontario) Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Branch http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/
CDS	Cigarette Dependence Scale
Cellulose Acetate	a white, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic air-permeable solid used for making cigarette filters
Central Nervous System (CNS)	the brain and spinal cord (see also Carbon Monoxide, Depressant, Stimulant)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)	addictions and mental health centre and teaching hospital created in 1998 as a result of the merger between the former Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario (ARF), the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, the Queen Street Mental Health Centre and the Donwood Institute (see also CAMH Monitor, Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS), Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU)) http://www.camh.net/
CEPA	Canadian Environmental Protection Act
Cessation	(1) synonym for quitting smoking or attempting to quit smoking; (2) a goal area under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy that encourages smokers to quit smoking or attempt to quit smoking(1) Reference: Norman CD, Maley O, Li X, Skinner HA. Using the internet to assist smoking prevention and cessation in schools: a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2008;27(6):799-810.
Cessation Attempt	synonym for Quit Attempt
CGTCF	Canadian Global Tobacco Control Forum
Chain Smoker	non-technical term for a current smoker who smokes cigarettes continually often by lighting each from the previous one
Champix	brand name in Canada of Varenicline
Chantix	brand name in the United States of Varenicline
CHD	Coronary Heart Disease
Cheroot	a cigar with both ends open
Chew	addictive and carcinogenic leaf form of smokeless tobacco that comes in three types (loose, plug or twist), which is consumed by holding in the mouth between cheek and gum
Chewing Tobacco	synonym for Chew
Chi Square	a statistical test for determining whether two variables have distributions that are independent of one another
Chipper	colloquial term for an occasional or weekend tobacco smoker (or heroin user)
CHMS	Canadian Health Measures Survey
Chronic Bronchitis	permanent swelling of the airways that carry air to the lungs, which is usually caused by tobacco smoke and is part of the breathing disorder called Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)Reference: Canadian Lung Association. Diseases A-Z. Canadian Lung Association, Ottawa, 2008. Available at: http://www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/a-z_e.php; accessed Mar 11, 2009.
Chronic Disease	an illness marked by long duration or frequent recurrenceReference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Chronic Lung Disease	synonym for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)	degenerative and incurable lung disease usually caused by smoking, which is characterized by obstruction of air flow causing shortness of breath and includes both chronic bronchitis and emphysemaReference: Canadian Lung Association. Diseases A-Z. Canadian Lung Association, Ottawa, 2008. Available at: http://www.lung.ca/diseases-maladies/a-z_e.php; accessed Mar 11, 2009.
CHSRF	Canadian Health Services Research Foundation http://www.chsrf.ca/
CI	Confidence Interval
Cigar	cylindrical roll of leaf tobacco for smoking closed at one end, more than 12 mm in diameter, with a filler composed of pieces of natural or reconstituted leaf tobacco and a wrapper of natural or reconstituted leaf tobacco (cf. Cigarillo)
Cigarette	slender roll of cut tobacco enclosed in paper and meant to be smoked, accounting for more than 90% of all tobacco products sold in Ontario
Cigarette Butt	see Butt
Cigarette Dependence Scale	a self-administered questionnaire designed to measure dependence on cigarettes, which is available in versions of 12 or 5 items, covering recognized facets of dependence, e.g., compulsion, withdrawal symptoms and loss of control (see also Fagerstr�m Test for Nicotine Dependence and Heaviness of Smoking Index)Reference: Etter JF, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: the cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28(2):359-370.
Cigarette Pack/Package/Packet	synonyms for Pack of Cigarettes
Cigarette Ventilation	see Ventilation
Cigarettes Per Day (CPD)	synonym for Amount Smoked Daily
Cigarillo	basically a small cigar, i.e., a cylindrical roll of leaf tobacco for smoking closed at one end, 12 mm or less in diameter, with a (sometimes flavoured) filler composed of pieces of natural or reconstituted leaf tobacco and a wrapper of natural or reconstituted leaf tobacco
CIHI	Canadian Institute for Health Information http://www.cihi.ca/
CIHR	Canadian Institutes of Health Research http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html
Clean Indoor Air Laws	protection from secondhand smoke by means of legislation prohibiting smoking in specified enclosed spaces
CMA	Canadian Medical Association http://www.cma.ca/
CMHA	Canadian Mental Health Association http://www.cmha.ca/
CMOH	Chief Medical Officer of Health, the senior medical officer of a Canadian province
CNO	College of Nurses of Ontario, the self-regulating body for registered nurses and registered practical nurses in Ontario http://www.cno.org/
CNS	Central Nervous System
CO	Carbon Monoxide
Coefficient of Variation (CV)	a statistic used to measure the precision and thus the quality of a population estimate based on a sample
Coffin Nail	slang for cigarette
Cohort	a group of individuals in a study who share demographic, clinical or other characteristics in common, e.g., a cohort of students
Cohort Study	longitudinal study design in which individuals are followed over time and their later health outcomes compared according to whether or not they have received the exposure of interest (e.g., exposure to secondhand smoke)
COLD	Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, synonym for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Cold Turkey	a term borrowed from the field of heroin addiction, referring to a an abrupt attempt to quit smoking completely, usually without clinical support
Combustion	the interaction of tobacco with oxygen to produce (flameless) heat and (glowing) light
Commencement Date	synonym for Implementation Date
Commercial Availability	conditions allowing for the legal sale of tobacco products in the wholesale and retail environmentReference: Ferrence R. Learning from tobacco: bans on commercial availability are not unthinkable. Addiction 2003;98:720-721.
Communication Channels	in Diffusion of Innovation, the means by which public health and tobacco control messages get from one individual or group to another
Communities of Inquiry	groups of tobacco control professionals, e.g., practitioners and academics, who interact in order to promote evidence-based and evidence-informed tobacco control practice, programs and policy
Communities of Practice	groups of people who share a passionate concern about tobacco control and want to deepen their knowledge by interacting with each other on a regular basisReference: Wenger E, McDermott R, Snyder W. Cultivating Communities of Practice: a Guide to Knowledge Management. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 2002.
Comorbidity	(1) disease that coexists in a study participant in addition to the condition that is the subject of the study; (2) synonym for Concurrent Disorder Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Compensation	the tendency of a smoker to obtain a similar daily delivery of nicotine regardless of the type of tobacco product consumed, e.g., by adjusting puffing and inhalation rates
Compensatory Smoking	synonym for Compensation
Complete Ban	emphatic expression for a prohibition that allows no exceptions, e.g., a complete ban on the sale of tobacco products in pharmacies in Ontario (cf. Partial Ban)
Compliance	cooperation with a policy or law, particularly the regulations
Compliance Check	authorized visit to a tobacco retail outlet that does not have a history of selling tobacco to test shoppers to see whether or not youth access provisions are still being obeyed, with a warning issued in the case of an infraction (cf. Enforcement Check)Reference: Dubray J, Schwartz R, Garcia J, Bondy S, Victor JC. Formative evaluation of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Comparison of Baseline and Two Post-SFOA Measurements. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov2_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Comprehensive Tobacco Control Strategy	multi-component plan of action addressing several different aspects of the tobacco epidemic simultaneously in order to diminish and eliminate problems caused by tobacco use on a broad scaleReference: Stephens T, Pederson LL, Koval JJ, Macnab J. Comprehensive tobacco control policies and the smoking behaviour of Canadian adults. Tobacco Control 2001;10:317-322.
Concurrent Disorder	(1) the presence of both a psychiatric and a substance abuse problem in the same person, e.g., when someone diagnosed with schizophrenia is also addicted to nicotine; (2) the presence of more than one substance abuse problem in the same person, e.g., when an alcoholic is also a current smoker
Confidence Interval (CI)	in statistical analysis, the range of values that is known to contain the true value of a variable (e.g., mean, proportion or rate) within a given degree of confidence (usually 95%)Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Confidence Level	in statistical analysis, a percentage (usually 95%) that reflects the degree of certainty that the true value lies within the confidence interval
Confident Limits	the upper and lower boundaries of the confidence interval
Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act	Canadian federal regulatory statute, which entered into force March 1, 1974, requiring that prepackaged consumer products bear accurate and meaningful labelling information to help consumers make informed purchasing decisions. Compliance with both the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and the 1997 federal Tobacco Act is required for the packaging and labelling of tobacco products in Canada.http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-38/
Consumption	(1) estimated number of tobacco products used by a population in a defined period of time, typically obtained from sales data (see also Per Capita Consumption); (2) amount smoked daily by a person over a defined period of time, typically obtained from survey data
Contemplation	in the Transtheoretical Model, a stage in the life of a smoker characterized by thinking about quitting smoking in the next 6 months
Contraband	(1) sale of tobacco products without all applicable taxes; (2) sale of tobacco products with evasion of any applicable federal and provincial statutes, e.g., regarding importation, stamping, marking, manufacturing, distributing, and payment of duties and taxes (see also Counterfeit Cigarettes, Smuggling, Untaxed Cigarettes)(1) Reference: Luk R, Cohen JE, Ferrence R. Contraband cigarettes in Ontario. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report Series. Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 10, 2009. (2) Reference: Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, 2008. Catalogue No. PS61-11/2007; ISBN 978-0-662-05403-0. Available at: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ce-da/tobacco-tabac-strat-2008-eng.htm; accessed Feb. 26, 2009.
Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy	since 2008, enforcement strategy of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) to deal with the problem of contraband tobacco in CanadaReference: Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, 2008. Catalogue No. PS61-11/2007; ISBN 978-0-662-05403-0. Available at: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ce-da/tobacco-tabac-strat-2008-eng.htm; accessed Feb. 26, 2009.
Control Group	study participants with whom comparison is made in a case-control study
Controlled Substances and Tobacco Directorate (CSTD)	part of the Healthy Environments and Consumer and Safety Branch within Health Canada, which champions the Government of Canada�s Federal Tobacco Control Strategy (FTCS) and supports a tobacco policy unit within the Office of Policy and Strategic Planning, a Litigation Support Division and an Office of Tobacco Regulations and ComplianceSee section 3.1.1.5 of Canada�s 2010 report to the FCTC, available at: http://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/Canadareport.pdf
Convenience Model	a system of retail sales that maximizes opportunities for buying tobacco products by saturating the retail environment with stores that sell tobacco products
Convenience Store	well-located food-oriented retailer that is open long hours and carries a moderate number of items, usually including cigarettes, the number of such stores in Ontario estimated in 2005 at roughly 8,400, and the number of such stores in Canada estimated in 2005 at roughly 25,000Reference: Non-Smokers� Rights Association/Smoking and Health Action Foundation. The Influence of Tobacco Powerwall Advertising on Children. J. Gottheil Marketing Communications Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, 2005. Available at: http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms/file/pdf/Tobacco_Powerwalls.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Conventional Cigarette	synonym for Manufactured Cigarette
COPD	Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Corner Store	synonym for Convenience Store
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)	synonym for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Coronary Heart Disease	a common and potentially fatal type of heart disease in which plaque builds up in the arteries that supply blood to the heart preventing the heart from getting enough blood, for which tobacco smoke is a major risk factorAvailable at: http://www.heartandstroke.on.ca; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)	good corporate citizenship, whereby corporations take responsibility for the impact of their actions on customers, employees, shareholders, the community and the environment, going beyond mere legal requirements, to improve the lives of employees, families and communities
Cost-Effectiveness	the relationship between the cost of a tobacco control intervention and its measurable benefits, usually expressed in monetary terms as cost per unit of outcome achieved, e.g., cost per quit success
Cost Study	analytical estimate of the financial burden imposed on society as a result of problems caused by a situation, condition or behaviour, e.g., tobacco use Reference: Rehm J, Baliunas D, Brochu S, Fischer B, Gnam W, Patra J, Popova S, Sarnocinska-Hart A, Taylor B. The costs of substance abuse in Canada 2002. ISBN number 1-897321-10-4. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse, Ottawa,�2006. Executive summary available at: http://www.ccsa.ca/2006%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-bckgrd-20060426-e.pdf; accessed Feb. 23, 2009.
Cotinine	a pharmacologically active metabolite of nicotine that is measured in blood and urine as a biomarker of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke and thirdhand smoke
Counter-Advertising	synonym for Counter-Marketing
Counter-Marketing	action, intervention or campaign designed to oppose, diminish or eliminate the harmful effects of tobacco promotion
Counterfeit Cigarettes	cigarettes that are illegally manufactured by a usually unknown source and falsely labeled with a recognized brand name to create the appearance of legalityReference: Stephens WE, Calder A. Source and health implications of high toxic metal concentrations in illicit tobacco products. Environmental Science & Technology 2005;39(2):479-488.
Countermeasure	action, intervention or campaign designed to oppose, diminish or eliminate the use of tobacco products
Countertop Display	visible presence of cigarette packages or tobacco product accessories on the counter near the cash register of a retail store
CPAC	Canadian Partnership against Cancer
CPD	Cigarettes Per Day (synonym for Amount Smoked Daily)
CPG	Consumer Packaged Goods, a marketing term that includes legal tobacco products
CPHA	Canadian Public Health Association http://www.cpha.ca/
CRA	Canada Revenue Agency http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/menu-e.html
Cracking Down on Tobacco Marketing Aimed at Youth Act Bill C-32	Canadian federal legislation, which received Royal Assent and became an Act of Parliament on October 8, 2009, banning tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines effective immediately, banning the manufacture and import of flavoured tobacco products and the sale of cigarillos in packs of less than 20 effective April 6, 2010, and banning the sale of tobacco products with flavours (except menthol) or specific additives, e.g., caffeine, colouring agents or vitamins, effective July 5, 2010http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Docid=4141530&file=4
Craving	see Nicotine Craving
Cross-Sectional Study	study in which the data are collected at the same time or during the same period of time, e.g., Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS)
Cross-Tabulation	in survey research, a table that shows the frequency and/or percentage of respondents who gave various answers to a question and which simultaneously shows these answers for subgroups of respondents
CSC	Correctional Service of Canada http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/
CSR	Corporate Social Responsibility
CSTD	see Controlled Substances and Tobacco Directorate
CTCRI	Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative
CTI	Clinical Tobacco InterventionAvailable at: http://www.omacti.org/; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
CTMC	Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers� Council
CTUMS	Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey
Cues to Action	in the Health Belief Model, factors that activate readiness to change behaviour, e.g., information, instructions and reminders, usually with a positive connotation, e.g., advice from a healthcare professional that leads a smoker to quit smoking
Cured Tobacco	see Curing and Flue-Cured Tobacco
Curing	the drying process for newly harvested tobacco
Current Smoker	someone who currently smokes daily or occasionally, or, in some studies, has smoked at least 100 cigarettes in his or her life and smoked within the last 30 daysReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
Current Smoking	in survey research, the most comprehensive indicator of the prevalence of smoking, including daily and non-daily smoking of cigarettes (unless pipes or cigars are specified), requiring a lifetime minimum of 100 cigarettesReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
CV	Coefficient of Variation
D.A.R.E.	Drug Abuse Resistance Education
Daily Smoker	a current smoker who smokes every day or who has smoked every day for the past 30 days (cf. Non-Daily Smoker)Reference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
DALY	Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Dangler	promotional sign that hangs from the lip of a shelf in a power wall (or other display) designed to sway when people walk by
Dark Market	a tobacco industry term for conditions that restrict advertising and promotion of tobacco products, e.g., when the retail display of tobacco products is banned (not to be confused with Black Market)
Data	plural of Latin �datum� meaning �given,� data are documented facts or units of information used to study, understand and solve the problems caused by tobacco use
Death Rate	synonym for Mortality Rate
Deceptive Practices	see Disinformation
Dedicated Smoker	a current daily smoker who does not intend to quit
Dedicated Tax	a tax on tobacco products earmarked for public health purposes, e.g., cessation programs
Deglamorization	sometimes contentious non-technical term for a facet of denormalization consisting of the deliberate attempt to remove any association of �glamour� (e.g., beauty, social success, carefree lifestyle) from the imagery associated with tobacco products and smoking behaviour
Demand	willingness, desire and ability of the public to buy tobacco products (cf. Supply)
Demand Elasticity	synonym for Price Elasticity
Demand-Side Intervention	an approach to the tobacco epidemic that relies on changing the behaviour of smokers (cf. Supply-Side Intervention)
Demographic	relating to vital statistics, e.g., age and sex
Demographic Availability	infrequently used term for access to tobacco products according to age, e.g., it may be illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to persons under a certain age
Denominator	the lower portion of a fraction used to calculate a rate or a ratio (cf. Numerator)
Denormalization	(1) variously used to refer to attempts to influence public opinion against either smoking or the tobacco industry, the latter usage being preferred by most persons working in tobacco control and for clarity sometimes called Tobacco Industry Denormalization (TID); (2) since 1999, one of four goals of Canada�s National Strategy to Reduce Tobacco UseAvailable at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/tobac-tabac/prtc-relct-2003/index-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
Density	numbers of things (e.g., tobacco retail outlets) in relation to available space or size of local population (see also Outlet Density)
Dependence	synonym for Addiction
Depressant	a drug that lowers the activity and sensitivity of the central nervous system (cf. Stimulant)
Descriptive Study	a study that identifies the quality and distribution of variables without further analysis
Designated Smoking Area (DSA)	space where smoking is allowed, sometimes differentiated from designated smoking room as being unenclosed (cf. Designated Smoking Room)
Designated Smoking Room (DSR)	enclosed space with separate ventilation where smoking is allowed (cf. Designated Smoking Area)
Determinant	any event, character or behavior that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic, e.g., smoking behaviour as a determinant of shorter life expectancyReference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Diffusion Network	in Diffusion of Innovation, the means whereby the adoption of an innovation occurs, which often includes communication among key players and opinion makers
Diffusion of Innovation	the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among members of a social system, the three time factors being the innovation-decision process, the relative time with which an individual or group adopts the innovation and the innovation�s rate of adoptionReference: Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovations, Fifth Edition. Free Press, New York, 2003.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY)	a measure of the burden of disease in a defined population and the effectiveness of interventionsReference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Discount Brands	synonym for Discount Cigarettes
Discount Cigarettes	cigarettes sold at a reduced price
Discretionary Income	(1) the income remaining to a person or family after payment of income tax and subtracting what is allocated for the necessities of life, to be spent on non-necessities or saved (cf. Disposable Income); (2) used loosely as a synonym for disposable income
Disinformation	incorrect or misleading information propagated by the tobacco industry and its front groups in order to promote tobacco products and discourage effective tobacco control, e.g., raising doubts about the science showing the harmful effects of secondhand smokeReference: Tong EK, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2007;116(16):1845-1854.
Display	see Retail Display
Display Ban	prohibition of visible tobacco products and brand-name tobacco product accessories at retail and wholesale point-of-sale, e.g., as stipulated in the Smoke-Free Ontario Act (see also Retail Display Ban)
Display Fee	synonym for Slotting Fee
Disposable Income	(1) the income remaining to a person or family after income tax has been paid, to be spent on necessities or non-necessities or to be saved (cf. Discretionary Income); (2) in practice, often used interchangeably with discretionary income
Dissemination	the deliberate communication of knowledge or research results to a target audience, e.g., by means of scientific journals and conference presentations
Distribution of Consumption	an idea from the alcohol field that the number of heavy drinkers in a population can be predicted by the average alcohol consumption of the population at large and that therefore changes in average consumption will result in changes in the prevalence of alcoholism and alcohol-related health and social problemsReference: Edwards G, Anderson P, Babor T et al. Alcohol Policy and the Public Good. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994.
Divestment	the act of ceasing to invest in the tobacco industry
DM	Deputy Minister, the senior level of the civil service, the official who reports to the Minister
Document Disclosure	revelation of the contents of internal tobacco industry documentsReference: Lavack AM, Toth G. Tobacco point-of-purchase promotion: examining tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control 2006;15(5):377-384.
Domino Effect	process whereby one jurisdiction tends to imitate tobacco control legislation that has been successful in another similar jurisdiction, e.g., when several Canadian provinces, including Ontario, followed suit after Nova Scotia became the first province to ban smoking in cars with children in April 2008
Dopamine	neurotransmitter in the brain associated with sensation of pleasure, which is released by nicotine and other addictive drugs
Dose-Response Relationship	positive association between increased exposure (e.g., to tobacco smoke) and increased effect (e.g., coughing)
Double-Blind	study design in which a participant is randomly assigned to one of two groups (control or experimental) and neither the participant nor the researcher knows which group the participant was assigned to until the end of the study
Drag/Draw	synonyms for Puff
Drifting Smoke	contentious synonym for Infiltrating Smoke, a form of Secondhand Smoke
Driven to Quit (DTQ)	a Canadian program that offers a car as a prize for contestants who successfully quit smoking for one month (see also Quit Smoking Contest) http://www.driventoquit.ca/english/home
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.)	prevention program for school children designed to be taught by specially trained police officers, which originated in the United States in 1983 and has since been implemented in many jurisdictions, including Ontario, to deter experimentation with tobacco products, alcohol and other drugs (see also OPP) http://www.hrps.on.ca/CommunityPolicing/Youth/DARE/Pages/default.aspx
DSA	Designated Smoking Area
DSM	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersAvailable at: http://allpsych.com/disorders/dsm.html; accessed Feb. 8, 2009.
DSR	Designated Smoking Room
DTQ	Driven to Quit
Dual Diagnosis	synonym for Concurrent Disorder
Duty	a tax levied on goods imported into Canada from a foreign country or exported from Canada into a foreign country
Duty-Free Cigarettes	cigarettes that are exempt from import taxes when brought into Canada from a foreign country, an exemption that applies to 200 cigarettes or 50 cigars if the traveler is outside Canada for at least 48 hours and which at the time of writing includes travelers who are minors
E-Cigarette	synonym for Electronic Cigarette
Earned Media	media coverage of tobacco control issues that appears in news stories, editorials and letters to the editor as opposed to paid media, i.e., media coverage of tobacco control issues that someone plans and pays for
Ecological Perspective	in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, a health promotion concept that identifies five levels of influence on health, namely, individual, interpersonal, institutional, community and public policy, and posits a dynamic interaction between the person, the behaviour and the environment
Econometrics	the application of statistical methods to the study of economic data and problemsReference: Johnson E, Dominici F, Griswold M, Zeger SL. Disease cases and their medical costs attributable to smoking: an analysis of the national medical expenditure survey. Journal of Econometrics 2003;112(1):135-151.
Economic Access	sufficiency of personal or household money to obtain tobacco products as determined by disposable income relative to the price of tobacco products
Education Campaign	attempt to discourage tobacco use by means of information conveyed to the public or specific target groups that often emphasizes health concerns and may make use of mass media
Effective Date	synonym for Implementation Date
Effectiveness	in RE-AIM, the degree to which a tobacco control project achieves its goals in a timely, appropriate and fiscally responsible manner
Efficacy	the degree to which the desired outcome is associated with a tobacco control intervention under controlled conditions, e.g., randomized controlled trials
Efficiency	the degree to which a tobacco control intervention produces a particular benefit in relation to costs incurred, often used as a point of comparison with alternative interventions and their associated costs
Elasticity	in economics, the ratio of the change in one variable to the change in another variable, e.g., the ratio of a change in cigarette price to a change in cigarette sales (see also Arc Elasticity, Prevalence Elasticity, Price Elasticity)Reference: Gruber J, Sen A, Stabile M. Estimating price elasticities when there is smuggling: the sensitivity of smoking to price in Canada. Journal of Health Economics 2003;22(5):821-842.
Electric Stick	synonym for Electronic Cigarette
Electronic Cigarette	controversial tobacco-free alternative to manufactured cigarettes consisting of an electronic device that is made to look like a cigarette, which heats and vaporizes liquid nicotine when the user inhales, currently illegal in Australia and Canada (see also Food and Drugs Act)
Emission	release of tobacco smoke, including toxic ingredients, into the airReference: Pederson LL, Cohen J, McKenna M. Government Regulation of Tobacco Ingredients and Emissions. Special Report. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, January 2009. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_prod_regulation.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Emphysema	a type of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) caused by tobacco smoke, which is characterized by inflammation and damage of the smallest airways and air sacs in the lungs, resulting in potentially life-threatening difficulty in breathingAvailable at: http://www.on.lung.ca/Lung-Health/Emphysema.php; accessed Feb. 24, 2009.
Enactment	establishment of law by authoritative act
Endothelial Progenitor Cell (EPC)	cell in the human body thought to play a key role in repairing blood vessels, which can be damaged by tobacco smoke
Enforcement	official warning or application of legal penalty if law is not obeyed
Enforcement Check	authorized visit to a tobacco retail outlet that has a history of selling tobacco to test shoppers to ascertain that the retailer is now in compliance with youth access provisions, e.g., of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act, and to lay charges in the case of an infraction (cf. Compliance Check)Reference: Dubray J, Schwartz R, Garcia J, Bondy S, Victor JC. Formative evaluation of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Comparison of Baseline and Two Post-SFOA Measurements. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov2_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Environment	in the epidemiologic model of disease transmission, the physical surroundings of host and agent
Environmental Approach	type of tobacco control that seeks to affect whole systems, e.g., the way cigarettes are sold in the retail environment, rather than individuals or small groups (see also Systems Thinking)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)	synonym for Secondhand Smoke, though some tobacco control professionals prefer the term secondhand smoke (cf. Thirdhand Smoke)Reference: California Environmental Protection Agency, State of California Air Resources Board. Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant, 2006. Available at: http://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/ets2006/ets2006.htm; accessed Feb. 10. 2009.
EOT	End of Treatment, e.g., conclusion of a cessation program
EPA	(U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov
EPC	Endothelial Progenitor Cell
Epi	abbreviation of epidemiologic or epidemiology
Epi Model	Epidemiologic Model of Disease Transmission
Epidemic	excessively prevalent or rapidly spreading disease or unhealthy behaviour, e.g., use of tobacco productsReference: World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008. The MPOWER Package.Geneva, 2008. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/index.html; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
Epidemiologic Model of Disease Transmission	description of the spread of disease as a result of complex interactions between a triad of agent, host and environment such that the agent (e.g., cigarette) is spread to a host (e.g., smoker) by means of a carrier called a vector (e.g., tobacco industry) within a certain environmentReference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Epidemiology	branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, prevalence and control of disease and health determinants in a population
ETS	Environmental Tobacco Smoke, synonym for Secondhand Smoke
Evaluation	process of determining whether tobacco control programs or aspects of these programs are appropriate, adequate, effective and efficient, and, if not, how to make them so (see also Formative Evaluation, Macro-Evaluation, Process Evaluation)Reference: Starr G, Rogers T, Schooley M, Porter S, Wiesen E, Jamison N. Key Outcome Indicators for Evaluating Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/tobacco_control_programs/surveillance_evaluation/key_outcome/index.htm; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Ever Smoker	a current smoker or former smoker who has smoked a certain number of cigarettes in the past, usually defined as at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime
Evidence-Based	conclusion or practice based on reliable factual information usually from scientific sourcesReference: Rychetnik L, Hawe P, Waters E, Barratt A, Frommer M. A glossary for evidence-based public health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2004;58:538-545.
Evidence-Informed	conclusion or practice that takes into account reliable factual information from scientific sources but also utilizes supplemental types of knowledge, e.g., practitioner and client experienceAvailable at: http://www.chsrf.ca/other_documents/evidence_e.php; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Ex-Smoker	synonym for Former Smoker
Excise Act	2001 Canadian federal legislation dealing with taxation of tobacco products and making it illegal under Section 32 for persons to sell, offer for sale or have in their possession a tobacco product unless it is stamped (see also Untaxed Cigarettes)http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en
Excise Duty	synonym for Excise Tax
Excise Tax	a tax within a country on the manufacture, sale or consumption of a commodity (e.g., cigarettes) which normally affects retail price such that higher excise tax results in higher retail price
Exemption	legal exception, e.g., under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act permission for Aboriginal persons to engage in ceremonial use of tobacco in situations where use of tobacco products would not otherwise be permissible
Exit Package	money paid to tobacco farmers as compensation for getting out of the business of growing tobacco
Expansion Diffusion	a particular model of geographic diffusion that considers distance to be a critical factor in the uptake of new tobacco control strategies, such that adoption occurs later in places further away from the point of initiationReference: Nykiforuk CI, Eyles J, Campbell HS. Smoke-free spaces over time: a policy diffusion study of bylaw development in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Health and Social Care in the Community 2008;16:64-74.
Experimental Smoker	a person who has smoked more than one cigarette but less than 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetimeReference: Leatherdale ST, McDonald PW. Are the recommended taxonomies for the stages of youth smoking onset consistent with youth�s perceptions of their smoking status? Canadian Journal of Public Health 2006;97(4):316-319.
Exposure	contact, e.g., with secondhand smoke
External Validity	the extent to which study results can be generalized beyond the sample used in the study (cf. Internal Validity)
Face Validity	the degree to which a measurement or test appears reliable and makes sense to an outside observer
Fagerstr�m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)	method for determining a smoker�s level of nicotine dependence based on such factors as self-reported amount smoked daily, time of first cigarette of the day and difficulty in refraining from smoking in prohibited places (see also Heaviness of Smoking Index)Reference: Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstr�m KO. The Fagerstr�m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr�m tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction 1991;86(9):1119-1127.
FCTC	Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
FDA	(U.S.) Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov
Federal	involving, issuing from or authorized by the federal government of Canada (not to be confused with National)
Federal Legislation	laws made and enforced by the federal government of Canada, e.g., Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act, Excise Act, Food and Drugs Act, Indian Act, Non-Smokers� Health Act, Tobacco Act
Federal Tobacco Control Strategy	federal government strategy intended to improve the health of Canadians by means of tobacco control, which currently espouses the four goals of protection, prevention, cessation and product regulation (see also Tobacco Products Information Regulations)Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/about-apropos/role/federal/strateg-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
Filter	non-biodegradable air-permeable mass at the end of some cigarettes, usually made of paper and cellulose acetate, through which the smoker inhales the smoke produced by burning tobacco
Finance Canada	federal department responsible for federal tobacco taxation policies and the legislative framework for tobacco taxation structure http://www.fin.gc.ca/fin-eng.asp
Fine-Cut Tobacco	loose tobacco that has been refined to the point where it is ready to be formed into a cigarette or tobacco stick, typically by the smoker, and in Canada (federally, provincially and territorially) is currently taxed at a lower level than manufactured cigarettes
Fire-Retardant Paper	cigarette paper that slows burning and causes the cigarette to extinguish if left unattended (see also Ignition Propensity Standards)
Fire-Safe Cigarette	cigarette made with fire-retardant paper
Flavoured Tobacco Product	tobacco product to which various aromatic, non-aromatic, volatile and non-volatile flavours (e.g., chocolate or fruit) are applied towards the end of the manufacturing process, possibly for the purpose of appealing to youthReference: Carpenter C, Wayne G, Ferris P, Pauly JL, Koh HK, Connolly GN. New cigarette brands with flavors that appeal to youth: tobacco marketing strategies. Health Affairs 2005;24(6):1601-1610.
Flue-Cured Tobacco	tobacco that is cured through an air channel called a flue without exposure to heat or fumes
Focused Smoking	a type of aversive smoking in which the smoker sits facing a blank wall smoking at a normal rate, while being encouraged by a cessation counselor to �focus� on the bad aspects of the smoking experience, e.g., bad taste, burning throat, nausea
Follow-Up Study	synonym for Cohort Study, Longitudinal Study, Prospective Study
Food and Drugs Act	1985 Canadian federal legislation governing the advertising, labeling, sale, importation, etc., of food, drugs and devices, including electronic cigarettes, which, under the Act, are not allowed to be sold in Canada until such time as there is Health Canada approvalAvailable at: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/F-27///en?page=1; accessed Mar. 13, 2009.
Forced Smoking	synonym for Passive Smoking
Formaldehyde	colourless, pungent, irritating gas used as a preservative and present in tobacco smoke, causing symptoms such as depressed respiratory function, sleeplessness, loss of dexterity, irritation of eye, throat and lung, increased thirst, increased risk of cancer and liver damage
Formative Evaluation	use of data from process evaluation that has been conducted early in the development of an intervention so that adjustments to the program can be made if necessaryReference: Dubray J, Schwartz R, Garcia J, Bondy S, Victor JC. Formative evaluation of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Comparison of Baseline and Two Post-SFOA Measurements. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov2_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Former Smoker	someone who has successfully quit smoking for a defined period of time, the recommended duration being at least 12 monthsReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)	first global public health treaty intended to curb the use of tobacco worldwide, which entered into force on February 27, 2005, and which has over 150 signatories including Canada (see also Canadian Global Tobacco Control Forum (CGTCF) and Tracking and Tracing) http://www.who.int/fctc/en
Framingham Study	since 1948, a series of long-term cohort epidemiological and biomedical investigations conducted with volunteers from Framingham, Massachusetts, to investigate risk factors for coronary heart disease, including cigarette smoking http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org
Frequency	in statistical research, the raw number of occurrences of a particular characteristic, e.g., behaviour, event, opinion, in the sample or population
Front Group	a group used to mask the identity, true character or activity of the actual controlling agent, e.g., a pro-smoking group that is funded by the tobacco industry
FTND	Fagerstr�m Test for Nicotine Dependence
Funding	see Per Capita Funding and Tobacco Control Funding
Gateway Theory of Drug Use	the idea that the use of one substance (e.g., tobacco) leads to the use of another substance (e.g., marijuana)Reference: Beenstock M, Rahav G. Testing gateway theory: do cigarette prices affect illicit drug use? Journal of Health Economics 2002;21(4):679-698.
GATS	Global Adult Tobacco Survey, one of four surveys used in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS)
Genetic Factors	chemical and other predispositions inherited at birth, which may include a tendency to become addicted to nicotine
Geographic Access	synonym for Geographic Availability
Geographic Availability	visibility, handiness and ease of access to tobacco products as affected by spatial, geographic and location-related factors, e.g., number of tobacco retail outletsReference: Pearce J, Hiscock R, Moon G, Barnett R. The neighborhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behavior. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009;63(1):69-77.
Geographic Diffusion	in Diffusion of Innovation, a concept related to the configuration of networks whereby distance, location and population size influence the level and direction of adoption of innovations, e.g., new tobacco control programsReference: Nykiforuk CI, Eyles J, Campbell HS. Smoke-free spaces over time: a policy diffusion study of bylaw development in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Health and Social Care in the Community 2008;16:64-74.
Geographic Information System (GIS)	a tool for capturing, storing, managing, analyzing and presenting data that refer to location, e.g., of tobacco retail outlets, with the aid of digitally constructed mapsReference: Pearce J, Hiscock R, Moon G, Barnett R. The neighborhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behavior. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009;63(1):69-77.
Geospatial Analysis	analysis of data concerning the geographic location, characteristics and boundaries of natural or constructed features, e.g., tobacco retail outlets
GHPS	Global Health Professional Survey, one of four surveys used in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS)
GIS	Geographic Information System
Glamorization	non-technical term for an attempt to create an association between tobacco products or smoking behaviour and lifestyle-related positive attributes, e.g., financial and social success
Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS)	since 1999, collection of data on various national tobacco control strategies using four surveys developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) (see also GATS, GHPS, Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), GSPS)Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/en; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)	one of four surveys in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS), the GYTS is a school-based survey using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to track tobacco use among young people across countriesAvailable at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/global/gyts/intro.htm; accessed Feb. 6, 2009.
Goal Area	a high-level objective of a tobacco control strategy, the three goal areas under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy being prevention, protection and cessation
Goods and Services Tax (GST)	a federal sales tax that applies to the sale of goods and services, including cigarettes, currently set at 5% of the retail price (see also Taxation of Tobacco Products)
Goza	a type of Egyptian water pipeReference: Khater AE, Abd El-Aziz NS, Al-Sewaidan HA, Chaouachi K. Radiological hazards of Narghile (hookah, shisha, goza) smoking: activity concentrations and dose assessment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 2008;99(12):1808-1814.
Grassroots Advocacy	promotion of tobacco control by the constituents of a community at the local level rather than by central power structures
Group 1 Carcinogen	synonym for Type A Carcinogen
GSPS	Global School Personnel Survey, one of four surveys used in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS)
GST	Goods and Services Tax
GTSS	Global Tobacco Surveillance System
GYTS	Global Youth Tobacco Survey, one of four surveys used in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS)
Hand-Rolled Cigarette	synonym for Roll-Your-Own
Hard-Core Smoker	current daily smoker with a weak or non-existent quitting history who expects never to quit smokingReference: Emery S, Gilpin EA, Ake C, Farkas AJ, Pierce JP. Characterizing and identifying �hard-core� smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90(3):387-394.
Hardening of Smoker Population	a hypothetical (and contested) construct denoting the selective quitting of the least addicted smokers in a population such that the remaining smokers are likely to find quitting extremely difficultReference: Warner KE, Burns DM. Hardening and the hard-core smoker: concepts, evidence and implications. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2003;5(6):961-962.
Harm Reduction	sometimes controversial approach to substance use involving a policy, strategy or intervention that assumes the continuation of an unhealthy behaviour (e.g., smoking) and aspires to lower the risk of adverse consequences rather than eliminate the behaviour altogetherReference: deRuiter W, Faulkner G, Cairney J, Veldhuizen S. Characteristics of physically active smokers and implications for harm reduction. American Journal of Public Health 2008;98(5):925-931.
Harmonized Sales Tax (HST)	combination of the federal Goods and Services Tax (GST) with Provincial Sales Tax (PST) into a single tax that applies to the sale of goods and services, including cigarettes, in effect since 1997 in New Brunswick, Newfoundland/Labrador and Nova Scotia, and set at 13% (5% GST + 8% PST) of the retail price (see also Taxation of Tobacco Products)
HBM	Health Belief Model
HC	Health Canada
HEAL	Healthy Eating Active Living
Health	in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being on the part of an individual or group, meaning not just absence of disease but also realization of aspirations, satisfaction of needs and ability to change or cope with the environment
Health Behaviour	the actions people undertake that influence their health status
Health Belief Model	behavioural theory addressing the individual�s perception of the severity of threat posed by a health problem, the benefits of avoiding the threat, and factors influencing the decision to actReference: Strecher VJ, Rosenstock IM. The Health Belief Model. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK (eds). Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1997.
Health Benefit	improvement to personal, population or public health
Health Canada (HC)	Canada�s federal department of health which conducts initiatives to prevent and reduce tobacco use in Canada and is responsible for regulating the manufacture, sale, labeling and promotion of tobacco products http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/
Health Consequence	synonym for Health Effect
Health Determinant	see Determinant
Health Education	the process of informing people about ways to maintain and improve their health thereby enabling them to make healthy decisions
Health Effect	impact on health, normally used to describe deleterious rather than beneficial effects, e.g., the health effects of smoking (cf. Health Benefit)
Health Hazard	synonym for Health Risk
Health Impact	synonym for Health Effect
Health Informatics (HI)	a discipline that deals with the collection, storage, retrieval and communication of health-related data, information and knowledge
Health Information	facts conveyed to help people make decisions that will maintain and improve their physical and mental health, an important component of health education
Health Promotion	in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health, entailing certain prerequisites, e.g., peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable eco-system and social justice
Health Protection and Promotion Act (HPPA)	Ontario legislation that specifies the organization and delivery of public health programs and services, including the mandate of local public health agencies to provide comprehensive tobacco control programs and servicesAvailable at: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90h07_e.htm; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Health Risk	(1) a condition (e.g., nicotine dependence), behaviour (e.g., smoking), substance (e.g., tobacco product), plant, animal or thing that has or is likely to have an adverse effect on the health of any person or population; (2) the degree to which something threatens health
Health Surveillance	see Surveillance
Health Warnings	textual and pictorial material, e.g., on cigarette packages, explaining some of the harmful effects of tobacco smoke, which in Canada since 2000 is required by federal law to include graphic health warnings, a statement about toxic emissions and information to help people quit smoking (see also Tobacco Products Information Regulations)Reference: Hammond D, Fong GT, Borland R, Cummings KM, McNeill AD, Driezen P. Text and graphic warnings on cigarette packages: findings from the international tobacco control four country study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32(3):202-209.
Healthcare Cost Recovery Legislation	law that allows legal action against tobacco companies for expenses incurred by the healthcare system as a result of the illness and death caused by tobacco products
Healthcare Utilization	frequency and patterns of use of the healthcare system by individuals and groups and types of services used for specific purposes, e.g., use of cessation services by current smokers
Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL)	a program sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion to foster healthy children, youth and communities, champion public health policy and raise public awareness http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/health/HEAL/default.asp
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada	a national volunteer-based Canadian health charity with 10 provincial foundations leading the way in preventing heart disease and stroke through research, health promotion and advocacy http://www.heartandstroke.com/
Heart Disease	see Coronary Heart Disease
Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI)	subset of questions in the Fagerstr�m Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) for determining level of addiction to nicotine
Heavy Smoker	a current smoker who regularly smokes a pack of cigarettes or more every dayReference: Lubin JH, Caporaso NE. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: modeling total exposure and intensity. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2006;15(3):517-523.
Helpline	synonym for Quitline
HI	Health Informatics
Hierarchical Diffusion	in Diffusion of Innovation, a particular model of geographic diffusion that considers the spatial arrangement of adopters of a tobacco control strategy to be critical, e.g., the strategy might be adopted first by large cities and cascade down the urban hierarchy to smaller municipalities
High-Risk	individual or group especially vulnerable to smoking initiation, continuation or relapse, e.g., experimental smokers who do not rule out future smoking, current smokers with no intention of quitting or quitters with a history of unsuccessful quit attemptsReference: Sussman S, Dent CW. Five-year prospective prediction of self-initiated quitting of cigarette smoking of high-risk youth. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(5):1094-1098.
High-Risk Strategy	clinical approach to tobacco control focusing efforts on high-risk individuals (e.g., heavy smokers with a history of unsuccessful quit attempts) rather than on the population at large (cf. Population Strategy)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Hookah	synonym for Water Pipe
Host	in the epidemiologic model of disease transmission, an organism that can become unhealthy from exposure to an agent of disease, e.g., a person who becomes sick from using tobacco products
HSI	Heaviness of Smoking Index
HST	Harmonized Sales Tax
Hubble Bubble	colloquial synonym for Water Pipe
Hydrogen Cyanide	poisonous compound found in tobacco smoke that is rapidly metabolized in the liver to thiocyanate and causes confusion, dizziness, weakness, irritation of eyes, nose and skin, gastrointestinal upsets, headaches, nausea, vomiting, rapid respiration and weight loss
IARC	International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICD	International Classification of Diseases
Idling Cigarette	cigarette that is lit but not currently being smoked, e.g., left burning in an ashtray, which produces a form of secondhand smoke called sidestream smoke
Ignition Propensity Standards	since October 2005, federal regulations in Canada requiring cigarettes to self-extinguish if left unattended as a means of preventing firesAvailable at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/tobac-tabac/ignition-incend/index-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
IHD	ischemic (or ischaemic) heart disease, synonym for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Illegal Cigarettes	general term for cigarettes that are unlawfully manufactured or unlawfully sold, usually with tax evasion
Illicit Cigarettes	synonym for Illegal Cigarettes
Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited (ITL)	one of three major tobacco companies in Canada, the other two being JTI-McDonald Corporation and Rothmans, Benson & Hedges IncorporatedAvailable at: http://www.ocat.org/opposition/industry.html; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Implementation	(1) at the legislative level, the process and act of causing a tobacco control law to take effect, including penalties for non-compliance; (2) in RE-AIM, the fidelity of an intervention agent to a tobacco control protocol, including consistency of delivery and time and money spent
Implementation Date	date on which provisions of legislation come into force, e.g., the implementation date of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act was May 31, 2006
Impulse Purchase	unplanned and sudden decision to buy a tobacco product
In-Store Advertising	advertising of tobacco products in a retail store, currently illegal in Canada under the 1997 federal Tobacco Act
In-Store Display	synonym for Retail Display
In-Store Signage	signs about tobacco products in a retail store, which under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act are restricted to three black-and-white signs of limited size per store indicating only that tobacco products are sold in the store
Incidence	(1) the number or rate of new cases, e.g., persons starting regular smoking, occurring in a defined population in a specified period of time (cf. Prevalence); (2) in tobacco industry documents, sometimes confused with prevalenceReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
Indian Act	Canadian federal legislation first passed in 1876 and subsequently amended several times setting out certain federal obligations towards Aboriginal peoples and regulating the management of reservesAvailable at: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/I-5; accessed Feb. 4, 2009.
Indicator	(1) broadly, an observable or measurable characteristic; (2) in tobacco control, a measurement that reflects the status of a tobacco control program or system, revealing improvement, deterioration or no changeReference: Copley TT, Lovato CY, O�Connor S. Indicators for Monitoring Tobacco Control: A Resource for Decision-Makers, Evaluators and Researchers. On behalf of the National Advisory Group on Monitoring and Evaluation. Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative, Toronto, 2006. Available at: http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~manske/Tools/Copley%202006%20Core%20Indicators%20Report.pdf; accessed Mar. 13, 1009.
Infiltrating Smoke	secondhand smoke that infiltrates homes (especially multi-unit dwellings) from neighbouring units, common areas, other buildings or outdoor spaces
Informatics	the science of information, the practice of information processing and the engineering of information systems (see also Health Informatics (HI))
Infraction	violation of a law
Ingredient Disclosure	required list of constituents, e.g., poisonous chemicals in tobacco smoke, reported to the government or made known to the consumer, e.g., on cigarette packagesAvailable at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/tobac-tabac/tir-rft/report-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
Ingredient Regulation	legislation restricting toxic substances in tobacco smoke so that carcinogens and other poisons are at the lowest possible level of currently available productsReference: Pederson LL, Cohen J, McKenna M. Government Regulation of Tobacco Ingredients and Emissions. Special Report. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, January 2009. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_prod_regulation.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Initiation	see Smoking Initiation
Innovation	in Diffusion of Innovation, an idea, practice or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption
Inputs	financial, human and other resources used to plan and set up a tobacco control programReference: Starr G, Rogers T, Schooley M, Porter S, Wiesen E, Jamison N. Key Outcome Indicators for Evaluating Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/tobacco_control_programs/surveillance_evaluation/key_outcome/index.htm; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Inspection	authorized visit to a tobacco retail outlet, enclosed workplace or public place to see whether the premises meet official public health standards and comply with current legislation (e.g., regarding youth access ) and to issue warnings or charges for infractionsReference: Dubray J, Schwartz R, Garcia J, Bondy S, Victor JC. Formative evaluation of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Comparison of Baseline and Two Post-SFOA Measurements. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov2_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Intention to Quit	plan or decision to quit smoking, often associated with a time limit, e.g., within 30 days or 6 months
Intention to Smoke	plan or decision to start smoking or continue smoking usually measured by self-report data and associated with a time limit, e.g., expect to smoke in the next 30 days or expect to smoke in the next 6 months
Internal Validity	the extent to which the effects observed in a study are truly caused by the treatment or exposure in the study sample rather than being due to other biasing effects or extraneous factors (cf. External Validity)
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	the World Health Organization�s leading source for information about cancer http://www.iarc.fr/
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)	the World Health Organization�s international standard diagnostic classification for epidemiological, health management and clinical purposesAvailable at: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en; accessed Feb. 6, 2009.
International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4)	a theory-driven prospective international tobacco control survey carried out in four English-speaking countries, namely, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, with more than 2000 longitudinal respondents per countryReference: Thompson ME, Fong GT, Hammond D, Boudreau C, Driezen P, Hyland A, Borland R, Cummings JM, Hastings GB, Siahpush M, Mackintosh AM, Laux FL. Methods of the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control 2006;15(Supplement 3):iii12-iii18.
Internet Availability	sale of tobacco products via the InternetReference: Ribisl KM. The potential of the internet as a medium to encourage and discourage youth tobacco use. Tobacco Control 2003;12(Supplement 1):48-59.
Intervention	see Tobacco Control Intervention
Involuntary Smoking	synonym for Passive Smoking
IOM	(U.S.) Institute of Medicine http://www.iom.edu/
Ischemic Heart Disease	synonym for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
ITC-4	International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey
ITL	Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited
JTI	JTI-Macdonald Corporation, one of three major tobacco companies in Canada, the other two being Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited and Rothmans, Benson & Hedges IncorporatedAvailable at: http://www.ocat.org/opposition/industry.html; accessed Mar. 17, 2009.
Jurisdiction	limits or territory within which legal authority may be exercised
Knowledge Brokering	organizational process that supports evidence-based decision-making as well as management and delivery of health policies, programs and services by facilitating interaction between researchers and decision-makers
Knowledge Exchange	an approach to communicating scientific evidence by collaborative problem-solving between researchers and decision-makers through linkage and exchange (see also Canadian Action Network for the Advancement, Dissemination and Adoption of Practice-Informed Tobacco Treatment (CAN-ADAPTT), Learning through Evidence, Action and Reflection Networks (LEARN), Media Network for a Smoke-Free Ontario (Media Network), Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU))Reference: Norman CD, Huerta T. Knowledge transfer and exchange through social networks: building foundations for a community of practice within tobacco control. Implementation Science 2006;1:20.
Knowledge Mobilization	the way in which knowledge external to an organization is sought out and combined with internal knowledge to meet specific targets
Knowledge Synthesis	aggregation of existing knowledge in order to make sense of what is known so far
Knowledge Transfer	synonym for Knowledge ExchangeReference: Norman CD, Huerta T. Knowledge transfer and exchange through social networks: building foundations for a community of practice within tobacco control. Implementation Science 2006;1:20.
Knowledge Translation	synonym for Knowledge ExchangeReference: Graham ID, Logan J, Harrison MB, Straus SE, Tetroe J, Caswell W, Robinson N. Lost in knowledge translation: Time for a map? The Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 2006;26:13-24.
Kretek	a type of cigarette made with a blend of tobacco and cloves, originally from IndonesiaReference: Malson JL, Lee EM, Murty R, Moolchan ET, Pickworth WB. Clove cigarette smoking: biochemical, physiological, and subjective effects. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2003;74(3):739-745.
LAFL	Lungs Are For Life
Land Use Ordinance	synonym for Zoning Law
Late Relapse	recommencement of smoking behaviour after a period of abstinence that has lasted at least 6 to 12 monthsReference: Wetter DW, Cofta-Gunn L, Fouladi RT, Cinciripini PM, Sui D, Gritz DR. Late relapse/sustained abstinence among former smokers: a longitudinal study. Preventive Medicine 2004;39(6):1156-1163.
LEARN	Learning through Evidence, Action and Reflection Networks
Learning through Evidence, Action and Reflection Networks	a joint knowledge exchange project with the Program Training and Consultation Centre (PTCC) and tobacco control practitioners in Ontariohttp://www.ptcc-cfc.on.ca/
Leave The Pack Behind (LTPB)	Ontario post-secondary campus tobacco control program providing information and services to young adult smokers and nonsmokers http://www.leavethepackbehind.org/
Legal Smoking Age	synonym for Minimum AgeReference: Ahmad S. Closing the youth access gap: the projected health benefits and cost savings of a national policy to raise the legal smoking age to 21 in the United States. Health Policy 2005;75(1):74-84.
Legislation	(1) exercise of the power of making laws that have the force of authority by virtue of their promulgation by an official organ of the state; (2) in Ontario, encompasses both Acts enacted by the Legislature and regulations made by a person or body whose authority to make them is set out in the Act
LHIN	(Ontario) Local Health Integration Network
License	permission granted by competent authority to engage in a business, activity or occupation otherwise unlawful, which may be authenticated by a document, plate or tag, e.g., tobacco retail license
License Fee	money paid by a person or business to the competent authority for the right to engage in a business, activity or occupation otherwise unlawful, e.g., tobacco retail license feeReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Prohibition of Tobacco Sales in Specific Places. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_4.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Lifestyle Advertising	tobacco industry attempt through direct or indirect advertising to create an association in the mind of the public between the use of tobacco products and positive socioeconomic outcomes, e.g., social and financial success
Lifetime Abstinence	smoking status often defined as never having had even a single puff of a cigarette in a lifetime
Lifetime Risk	the probability that a person will develop or die of a disease at some point during his or her lifetime, e.g., if the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer for a never smoker were one in 50, then a never smoker would have a 2% chance of developing lung cancer at some point in his or her lifetime
"Light" Cigarette	misleading tobacco industry label to describe lower-tar or lower-nicotine cigarettes, which along with the label �mild� cigarette the major tobacco companies in Canada voluntarily agreed to stop using as of July 31, 2007Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobac-tabac/fact-fait/fs-if/lightmild-legeresdouces-eng.php; accessed Feb. 13, 2009.
Listing Allowance	synonym for Slotting Fee
Litigation	resolution of dispute by lawsuit and judicial process, e.g., against the tobacco industry (see also Healthcare Cost Recovery Legislation)
Local Health Integration Network (LHIN)	since 2007, division of Ontario healthcare providers into 14 regional groupings established for planning, funding and delivering local healthcare services http://www.lhins.on.ca/
Logic Model	graphic depiction of presumed causal pathways that connect tobacco control program inputs, activities, outputs and outcomesReference: Copley TT, Lovato CY, O�Connor S. Indicators for Monitoring Tobacco Control: A Resource for Decision-Makers, Evaluators and Researchers. On behalf of the National Advisory Group on Monitoring and Evaluation. Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative, Toronto, 2006. Available at: http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~manske/Tools/Copley%202006%20Core%20Indicators%20Report.pdf; accessed Mar. 13, 1009.
Logistic Regression	statistical method for calculating the relative contribution of separate risk factors to an occurrence, e.g., a new case of a disease
Longitudinal Study	a type of prospective study that deals with the status of an individual or group according to measurements taken at regular intervals over a number of years, e.g., the Ontario Tobacco Survey (OTS)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Loophole	ambiguity or omission in a policy or legislative text through which the intent of the policy or law may be evaded, e.g., Roll-Your-Own Loophole
Loose Tobacco	tobacco product, including cigarette and pipe tobacco, which is not ready to be smoked until it is rolled into a cigarette or placed in a pipe
Looseleaf Chewing Tobacco	synonym for Chew
Low-Risk	individual or group judged unlikely to engage in smoking behaviour, e.g., lifetime abstainers with a firm intention not to experiment with smoking
LTC	Long Term Care
LTPB	Leave the Pack Behind
Lung Association	see Canadian Lung Association
Lung Cancer	highly preventable and often fatal type of cancer typically caused by smoking tobacco products
Lungs Are For Life (LAFL)	Ontario Lung Association program for children and students from kindergarten to grade 12 providing tobacco-related information and refusal skills http://www.lungsareforlife.ca/
Macro-Evaluation	assessment of large-scale impact and progress of tobacco control strategies
Mainstream Smoke	(1) in a free-smoking situation (when a person is actually smoking), tobacco smoke that is drawn from the mouth end of a smoked tobacco product during puffing (cf. Sidestream Smoke); (2) in a closed situation (when a smoking machine is being used for analytical purposes), tobacco smoke that issues from the mouth end of the smoked tobacco productReference: Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (PSC). Dictionary of Tobacco Terms. Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Ottawa, 2009. Available at: http://www.smoke-free.ca/SL/glossary.htm; accessed Mar. 11, 2009.
Maintenance	(1) in the Transtheoretical Model, a stage in the life of a smoker characterized by successfully quitting smoking without relapse; (2) in RE-AIM, the extent to which a program or policy has become institutionalized as part of routine practice
Making Aboriginal Kids Walk Away from Tobacco (MAKWA)	an Aboriginal-focused Youth Action Alliance based in Thunder Bay, Ontario http://www.smoke-fx.com/
MAKWA	Making Aboriginal Kids Walk Away from Tobacco
Manufactured Cigarette	a cigarette that is legally manufactured, ready to smoke, legally sold and subject to the appropriate taxes in the relevant jurisdiction
Marcom	abbreviation for Marketing Communications (see also Tobacco Promotion)
Marihuana	alternative spelling of Marijuana
Marijuana	dried leaves and flowering tops of hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) that can be smoked for their intoxicating effect with or without tobacco
Marijuana Smoke	carcinogenic smoke produced by smoking marijuanaReference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Market Share	the portion of the market purchasing a particular brand of tobacco product or purchasing from a particular company at a specified time, e.g., in Canada, the market share of Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited (ITL) in recent years has been about 70% http://www.cctc.ca/
Marketing	see Tobacco Industry Marketing
Master Settlement Agreement (MSA)	1999 judicial agreement between five U.S. cigarette companies and 46 U.S. states by which the tobacco companies accepted restrictions on the marketing of their products and agreed to pay $206 billion U.S. over 25 years for tobacco-related healthcare costsReference: King C, Siegel M. The master settlement agreement with the tobacco industry and cigarette advertising in magazines. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(7):504-511.
Maternal Smoking	smoking by a woman who is pregnant, breast-feeding or in the presence of her children
Mean	arithmetical average
Measure	(1) a step planned or taken as a means to an end, e.g., the enactment of smoke-free laws to protect people from secondhand smoke; (2) an indicator with a range of values, e.g., decreases in smoking prevalence as a measure of the success of a tobacco control program
Mechanism	the presumed process by which tobacco control programs succeed or fail in particular settings
Media Advocacy	strategic use of mass media to promote tobacco control, often garnering earned media rather than using paid media
Media Campaign	coherent body of tobacco control messages conveyed to the public according to a planned schedule by mass media, e.g., television and radio
Media Messages	specific informational components of a media campaign
Media Network for a Smoke-Free Ontario (Media Network)	since 2000, a program funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion (MHP) and administered by Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) providing public relations expertise and knowledge exchange to tobacco control practitioners in Ontario, which became part of the Program Training and Consultation Centre (PTCC) on April 1, 2008
Median	the value of a variable compared to which 50% of cases have a lower value and 50% a higher value
Menthol Cigarette	cigarette flavoured with peppermint which causes a cool sensation in the throat
Meta-analysis	quantitative synthesis of results from independent research studies
Metastasis	transfer of a disease-producing agency, e.g., cancer cells, from the site of the disease to another part of the body
Methodology	principles and procedures of a particular type of inquiry, e.g., survey research
MHP	(Government of Ontario) Ministry of Health Promotion http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca
MHPSG	Mandatory Health Programs Services and Guidelines, replaced in 2008 with the Ontario Public Health Standards (OPHS) and Protocols http://www.ontario.ca/publichealthstandards
Micro-Tobacco	newer tobacco companies in Canada that are not part of the Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers� Council (CTMC) and process cheap imported tobacco
Middle-Aged	person who is older than a young adult and younger than an older adult, generally defined as 40 to 64 years old
"Mild" Cigarette	misleading tobacco industry label for lower-tar or lower-nicotine cigarettes, which along with the label "light" cigarette the major tobacco companies in Canada voluntarily agreed to stop using as of July 31, 2007Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobac-tabac/fact-fait/fs-if/lightmild-legeresdouces-eng.php; accessed Feb. 13, 2009.
Minimum Age	(1) the youngest age of a person to whom one may legally sell or supply tobacco products, which is currently 18 under Canadian federal law, but 19 in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, British Columbia and Nunavut; (2) the youngest age of a person who is allowed to possess tobacco products, which is 19 in Nova Scotia and 18 in Alberta, the only two Canadian jurisdictions currently having laws against underage possession of tobacco products; (3) the youngest age of a person who is allowed to enter a retail location where tobacco products are visible, which is currently 18 in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories (see also Youth Access Laws and Youth Possession Laws)
Minimum Age Law	legislation dictating the minimum age of a person to whom one may legally sell or supply tobacco products, who may possess tobacco products, or who may enter premises where tobacco products are sold (see also Youth Access Laws)Reference: Ahmad S. Closing the youth access gap: the projected health benefits and cost savings of a national policy to raise the legal smoking age to 21 in the United States. Health Policy 2005;75(1):74-84.
Minimum Price Law	a tobacco control measure consisting of legislation prohibiting cigarettes from being sold below a certain price set by a formula, currently in effect in many U.S. states and a number of European countries, e.g., Ireland, France, Belgium, Italy, AustriaReference: Feighery EC, Ribisl KM, Schleicher NC, Zellers L, Wellington N. How do minimum price laws affect cigarette prices at the retail level? Tobacco Control 2005;14:80-85.
Missing Value	in statistical analysis, a value that is absent for the variable in the current observation, e.g., when a survey participant refuses to answer a particular survey item
Mode	the most frequent value in a set of data
MOH	Medical Officer of Health
MOHLTC	(Government of Ontario) Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care http://www.health.gov.on.ca
Monitoring	systematic but episodic or intermittent collection, analysis and interpretation of data about a hazard, risk factor, exposure or health event for the purpose of detecting changes (cf. Surveillance)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Morbidity	disease, sickness, illness or any departure from a state of physiological or psychological well-being (see also Smoking-Attributable Morbidity)Reference: Baliunas D, Patra J, Rehm J, Popova S, Taylor B. Smoking-attributable morbidity: acute care hospital diagnoses and days of treatment in Canada, 2002. BMC Public Health 2007;7(1):247.
Mortality	death (see also Smoking-Attributable Mortality)Reference: Illing EM, Kaiserman MJ. Mortality attributable to tobacco use in Canada and its regions, 1998. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2004;95(1):38-44.
Mortality Rate	an estimate of the portion of a population that dies during a specified period, usually a calendar year Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
MPHSG	(Ontario) Mandatory Programs and Health Services Guidelines, replaced in 2008 by the Ontario Public Health Standards (OPHS) and ProtocolsAvailable at: http://www.ontario.ca/publichealthstandards; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
MSA	Master Settlement Agreement
MUD	Multi-Unit Dwelling
Multi-Unit Dwelling	place of residence, e.g., apartment building or condominium, housing persons in separate units which are subjected to a common flow of air (see also Infiltrating Smoke)
Multifaceted Approach	(1) synonym for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Strategy; (2) a research strategy that employs a deliberate variety of methods to examine a phenomenon
Municipal Act 2001	Ontario legislation that came into force on January 1, 2003, facilitating municipal organization of affairs and delivery of services, which has been important in the enactment of municipal smoke-free bylaws in Ontariohttp://www.mah.gov.on.ca/Page184.aspx
Municipal Bylaw	bylaw with city-wide application, e.g., the Smoke-Free Workplaces and Public Places Bylaw in Woodstock, Ontario, banning smoking within 30 metres of a playground, 4 metres of a bus stop, or within any downtown sidewalk caf�, among other provisions, effective September 1, 2008 (see also Bylaw) http://www.city.woodstock.on.ca/images/stories/pdfs/agendas_minutes/city_council/2008/june5_08_councilagenda.pdf
NAAQS	National Ambient Air Quality Standards under the U.S. Clean Air Act http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html
NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement
Narghile/Nargileh	alternative spellings of Narguile
Narguile	large water pipe used for smoking tobacco
National	involving a number of Canadian provinces and territories but not necessarily all of them, with or without some involvement also of the federal government of Canada (not to be confused with Federal)
National Indian and Inuit Community Health Representatives Organization (NIICHRO)	since 1986, a national not-for-profit non-governmental organization of Aboriginal community health representatives, which, among other projects, works to prevent smoking among Aboriginal youth http://www.niichro.com/2004
National Non-Smoking Week (NNSW)	an annual Canadian smoke-free awareness event that occurs on the third full week of January and includes Weedless Wednesday http://www.nnsw.ca/
National Strategy to Reduce Tobacco Use in Canada	1999 framework for action by governmental and non-governmental organizations across Canada to improve the health of Canadians by pursuing four tobacco control goals, namely, prevention, cessation, protection and denormalization (cf. Federal Tobacco Control Strategy) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/tobac-tabac/ns-sn/index-eng.php
Native Brand	brand of cigarette, e.g., DK, Putters, Sago, manufactured on a Native reserve and exempt from most taxes (see also Untaxed Cigarettes)
Natural Experiment	naturally occurring instance of variation in observable phenomena, e.g., variation in tobacco tax rates over time within the same jurisdiction, used as a research tool when artificial experimentation is difficult or impossible
Natural Roll-Your-Own Cigarette	misleading name for roll-your-own cigarettes sold in some health food stores, also called organic cigarettes
Needs Assessment	(1) generally, a formal process conducted by health and social workers to delineate the dimensions and severity of health problems, especially in high-risk persons and groups, so that resources can be deployed to manage them efficiently; (2) in tobacco control, identification of what must be accomplished in the short- and long-term to achieve a tobacco control goal, e.g., increase the annual cessation rate(1) Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Negative Affect	technical term for bad mood, non-clinical depression or sense of psychological discomfort, which in smokers may be exacerbated by withdrawal from nicotine (cf. Positive Affect)
Neoplasm	synonym for Tumour
Networking	interaction among members or groups of tobacco control researchers and advocates in order to promote the goals of tobacco control
Never Smoker	a person who has not smoked as many as 100 cigarettes in his or her lifetimeReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
NGO	Non-Governmental Organization
Nicogel	synonym for Nicotine Hand Gel
Nicorette®	brand name of a type of nicotine gum and other nicotine-containing cessation aids
Nicotine	naturally occurring psychoactive component of tobacco plants in the form of a colourless to pale yellow liquid, which turns brown on exposure to light or air, easily crosses biologic membranes and the blood-brain barrier, is metabolized in the liver and causes addiction to tobacco products, acting as a stimulant in small doses and a depressant in large doses
Nicotine Addiction	synonym for Nicotine Dependence
Nicotine Craving	a common withdrawal symptom experienced by some smokers who are trying to quit, consisting of an intense urge to smoke, which, according to many cessation websites, generally lasts 3 to 5 minutes per episode, and gradually decreases in frequency and duration as the quit attempt is successfully sustained (see also Trigger)
Nicotine Delivery System	synonym for cigarette, emphasizing the engineering details that make cigarettes particularly efficient at getting nicotine to the brain (see also Blood-Brain Barrier)
Nicotine Dependence	the state of needing regular doses of nicotine in order to avoid the discomfort of withdrawal symptoms
Nicotine Gum	chewing gum (approved for sale in Canada without a prescription) that delivers nicotine to the bloodstream through the lining of the mouth, is less addictive than smoked tobacco and is used as an aid in smoking cessation or as a temporary substitute for cigarettes, e.g., during air travel
Nicotine Hand Gel	nicotine-containing hand gel (not currently approved for sale in Canada) that is rubbed onto the hands and absorbed through the skin as an alternative to smoking (rather than an aid to cessation)
Nicotine Inhaler	nicotine-containing inhaler (approved for sale in Canada without a prescription) that delivers nicotine in a vapour that is absorbed in the mouth
Nicotine Lozenge	nicotine-containing lozenge (approved for sale in Canada without a prescription) that releases nicotine into the mouth while being dissolved slowly
Nicotine Nasal Spray	nicotine-containing nasal spray (not currently approved for sale in Canada) that delivers nicotine in a mist that is absorbed in the nasal passages
Nicotine Patch	a patch (approved for sale in Canada without a prescription) that administers nicotine to the body through the skin, is less addictive than smoked tobacco and is used as an aid to quitting smoking or as a temporary substitute for cigarettes, e.g., during air travel
Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)	aid to quitting smoking which involves administration of nicotine by a method other than smoking, four types currently approved in Canada and available without a prescription, namely, nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine lozenge, nicotine patch
Nicotine Sublingual Tablet	small usually white nicotine-containing tablet (not currently approved for sale in Canada) that is placed under the tongue and releases nicotine into the mouth while being dissolved slowly
Nicotine Tablet	synonym for Nicotine Sublingual Tablet
NIDA	(U.S.) National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/
NIH	(U.S.) National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/
NIICHRO	National Indian and Inuit Community Health Representatives Organization
NIOSH	(U.S.) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the main U.S. federal agency responsible for research on occupational safety and health http://www.cdc.gov/NIOSH
Nitrosamines	see Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA)
NNSW	National Non-Smoking Week
Non-Compliance	failure to cooperate with a policy or law, particularly the regulations (see also Compliance Check)
Non-Daily Smoker	someone who has smoked at least one cigarette in the last 30 days but has not smoked every dayReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
Non-Smokers� Health Act	1989 Canadian federal legislation banning indoor smoking in federal government workplaces, amended in 2007 to ban designated smoking rooms and designated smoking areas in those same workplaces http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-23.6
Nonsmoker	a person who is not a current smoker, e.g., a lifetime abstainer, never smoker or former smoker (see also Lifetime Abstinence)
Normalization	the attempt to make smoking behaviour, tobacco products and the tobacco industry appear to be an ordinary and acceptable part of everyday life
NRT	Nicotine Replacement Therapy
NSDUH	(U.S.) National Survey on Drug Use and Health http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhsda.htm
NSRA	(Canadian) Non-Smokers� Rights Association http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms
Numerator	the upper portion of a fraction, used to calculate a rate or a ratio (cf. Denominator)
OCAT	Ontario Campaign for Action on Tobacco, since 1992 a group of five leading agencies supporting tobacco control objectives in Ontario http://www.ocat.org/
Occasional Smoker	synonym for Non-Daily SmokerReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
OCSA	Ontario Convenience Stores Association (see also Convenience Store)
ODA	Ontario Dental Association http://www.oda.on.ca/
Odds Ratio (OR)	the ratio of odds of an event in two groups, e.g., of the odds of getting lung cancer if exposed to tobacco smoke to the odds of getting lung cancer if not exposed to tobacco smokeReference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Off-Gassing	a relatively new concept in tobacco control referring to the process whereby poisonous chemicals from thirdhand smoke are thought to return slowly to a gaseous state (possibly invisible and odorless) from tobacco smoke-contaminated micro-environments (e.g., walls, furniture, carpets, clothing) that act as secondary sources of exposure and disease
OLA	Ontario Lung Association
Older Adult	a person who is older than middle-aged, often defined as 65 years old or more
OMA	Ontario Medical Association http://www.oma.org/
OMHRS	Ontario Mental Health Reporting SystemAvailable at: http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/dispPage.jsp?cw_page=services_omhrs_e; accessed Feb.10, 2009.
Ontario Lung Association (OLA)	since 1945, a voluntary, not-for-profit health promotion organization concerned with the prevention and control of asthma, chronic lung disease caused by smoking and with air quality and its effect on lung health http://www.on.lung.ca/
Ontario Public Health Standards (OPHS) and Protocols	2008 guidelines for Ontario boards of health establishing minimum requirements for public health services and programsAvailable at: http://www.ontario.ca/publichealthstandards; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS)	since 1977, province-wide representative survey of Ontario students from grades 7 to 12 conducted once every two years, initially by the Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario (ARF) and currently by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)Reference: Adlaf EM, Paglia-Boak A. Drug Use among Ontario Students 1977-2007. Detailed OSDUHS Findings. CAMH Research Document Series No. 20. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, 2007. Available at: http://www.camh.net/Research/osdus.html; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU)	since 1993, focal point for a provincial and national tobacco control research network sponsored by the University of Toronto and co-sponsored by the University of Waterloo, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Cancer Care Ontario (CCO), responsible for research, evaluation, capacity building and knowledge exchange, and playing a lead role in monitoring and evaluating the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy http://www.otru.org/
Ontario Tobacco Strategy (OTS)	former name of the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy from 1992 until 2006
Ontario Tobacco Survey (OTS)	regionally stratified longitudinal telephone survey of smokers and cross-sectional survey of nonsmokers aged 18 and older recruited every six months from 2005 to 2008, with follow-up on longitudinal participants until 2011, conducted by the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU) to evaluate and inform the Smoke-Free Ontario StrategyAvailable at: http://www.otru.org/tobacco_survey.html; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
OPA	Ontario Pharmacists� Association http://www.opatoday.com/
OPHA	Ontario Public Health Association http://www.opha.on.ca/
OPHEA	Ontario Physical and Health Education Association http://www.ophea.net/
Opinion Poll	see Public Opinion Survey
OPP	Ontario Provincial Police, the provincial police body which under the Drug Enforcement Section provides training in drug investigations and participates in prevention programs, e.g., Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.), to discourage the use of tobacco products, alcohol and other drugs http://www.opp.ca/
OR	Odds Ratio
Oral Tobacco	synonym for Smokeless Tobacco
Organic Cigarette	equally misleading synonym for Natural Roll-Your-Own Cigarette
Organizational Learning	the study of models and theories concerning the way an organization learns and adapts
OSDUHS	Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey
OSDUS	Ontario Student Drug Use Survey, former name of the current Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS)
OSH	(U.S.) Office on Smoking and Health http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/osh/index.htm
OTN	Ontario Tobacco-free Network, a former provincial interagency tobacco control network which closed operations on July 31, 2008
OTRU	Ontario Tobacco Research Unit
OTS	Ontario Tobacco Survey
Ottawa Charter	frequently used shorter name of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion	a product of the first International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, Canada, November 17-21, 1986, outlining action required to achieve health for all by the year 2000 and beyondReference: World Health Organization/Health and Welfare Canada/Canadian Public Health Association. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. An International Conference on Health Promotion. The Move Towards a New Public Health. November 17-21, 1986, Ottawa, 1986. Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/docs/charter-chartre/index-eng.php#tphp; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
Outcome	the presumed result of a behaviour, intervention, program or strategy, e.g., a tobacco control strategyReference: Starr G, Rogers T, Schooley M, Porter S, Wiesen E, Jamison N. Key Outcome Indicators for Evaluating Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/tobacco_control_programs/surveillance_evaluation/key_outcome/index.htm; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Outdoor Smoking	smoking in an unenclosed space, e.g., beach, park, patio
Outlet	see Tobacco Retail Outlet
Outlet Bunching	synonym for Outlet Clustering
Outlet Clustering	concentration of a relatively large number of tobacco retail outlets in a particular local area or section of a city
Outlet Density	number of places selling tobacco products expressed as a ratio by population or geographic area, e.g., 10 outlets per 500 population, 15 outlets per city blockReference: Cohen JE, Anglin L. Outlet density: a new frontier for tobacco control. Addiction 2009;104:2-3.
Outputs	direct products of a tobacco control strategy, e.g., tobacco control training, information analysis, school-based servicesReference: Starr G, Rogers T, Schooley M, Porter S, Wiesen E, Jamison N. Key Outcome Indicators for Evaluating Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2005. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/tobacco_control_programs/surveillance_evaluation/key_outcome/index.htm; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Over-Retailing	the current convenience model of tobacco retail sales consisting of a glut of outlets that sell cigarettes such that smokers and nonsmokers alike are regularly presented with an opportunity to buy cigarettes
p value	the probability, usually expressed as .05, .01 or .001, that a statistical finding is due to chance alone, e.g., a p value of .001 means a likelihood of one in a thousand that the finding is due to chance alone
Pack-a-Day	individual pattern of consumption of a full pack of 20 or 25 cigarettes a day on a regular basis
Pack of Cigarettes	packet containing, in Canada, 20 or 25 cigarettes
Pack-Years	estimate of a smoker�s cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke calculated by multiplying number of years of smoking by average number of packs smoked daily such that one year of smoking one pack daily equals one pack-yearReference: Duarte RL, Luiz RR, Paschoal ME. The cigarette burden (measured by the number of pack-years smoked) negatively impacts the response rate to the platinum-based chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 2008;61(2):244-254.
Paid Media	media coverage, e.g., of tobacco control issues, by means of purchased advertisements and public health messages as opposed to the so-called earned media coverage that appears in news stories, editorials and letters to the editor
PAR	Population-Attributable Risk
Partial Ban	a prohibition that applies to some locations, circumstances or persons but not to others, e.g., the partial ban on smoking on bar and restaurant patios under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act (exempting patios without a roof structure) (cf. Complete Ban)
Particulate Matter (PM)	airborne solid particles in mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke that act as respiratory irritants some of which are carcinogenic
Passive Smoking	exposure to secondhand smokeReference: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006. Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf; accessed Feb. 25, 2009.
Patch	synonym for Nicotine Patch
PBRN	Practice-Based Research Network (see also Canadian Action Network for the Advancement, Dissemination and Adoption of Practice-Informed Tobacco Treatment)
Per Capita	by or for each person in a given population
Per Capita Consumption	number of tobacco products consumed per person in a given population for a stated period of time
Per Capita Funding	government expenditures on tobacco control, expressed as an amount per person rather than an overall amountReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Tobacco Control Funding Commitments. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_5.pdf; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
Per Capita Sales	number of tobacco products sold per person in a given population for a stated period of time
Perceived Behavioural Control	in the Health Belief Model, personal belief that one has control over one�s own smoking behaviour
PHAC	Public Health Agency of Canada http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/
Pharmacological Therapy	synonym for Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy	aid to quitting smoking, e.g., nicotine replacement therapy, involving the use of a prescription or non-prescription drug
PHRED	(Ontario) Public Health Research Education and Development Program
PHU	(Ontario) Public Health Unit
Physical Availability	synonym for Availability, especially with regard to the number of places selling tobacco in the retail environment (see also Outlet Density)Reference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Prohibition of Tobacco Sales in Specific Places. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_4.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
PIMS	Performance Indicators Monitoring System, a web-based performance monitoring system e.g., as designed by the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU) to monitor tobacco control programs under the Smoke-Free Ontario StrategyAvailable at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/updates/update_feb2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Placement Fee	synonym for Slotting Fee
Plain Packaging	tobacco control measure whereby cigarette packages are stripped of promotional elements such as logos, graphic designs and coloursReference: Freeman B, Chapman S, Rimmer M. The case for the plain packaging of tobacco products. Addiction 2008;103:580-590.
Plug	smokeless tobacco consisting of cured tobacco leaves that have been pressed into a brick and are consumed by being chewed
PM	Particulate Matter
Point of Purchase (POP)	synonym for Point of Sale
Point of Purchase Advertising International (POPAI)	since 1936, an international trade association for marketing at retail, including marketing of tobacco products
Point of Sale (POS)	(1) broadly, a place in the wholesale or retail environment where tobacco products are sold; (2) in practice often refers to a place in the retail environment where tobacco products are sold (3) in tobacco industry usage, the place in the retail store where money changes hands (e.g., near the cash register) as opposed to the store itselfReference: Cohen JE, Planinac LC, Griffin K, Robinson DJ, O�Connor SC, Lavack A, Thompson FE, Di Nardo J. Tobacco promotions at point-of-sale. The last hurrah. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2008;99(3):166-171.
Point-of-Sale Display	display of tobacco products and brand name-associated tobacco product accessories at wholesale or retail point-of-sale
Policy Diffusion	a process whereby policy solutions to public health problems, e.g., smoke-free bylaws, spread from one jurisdiction to anotherReference: Nykiforuk CI, Eyles J, Campbell HS. Smoke-free spaces over time: a policy diffusion study of bylaw development in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Health and Social Care in the Community 2008;16:64-74.
POP	Point of Purchase, synonym for Point of Sale
POPAI	Point Of Purchase Advertising International
Population Approach	synonym for Population Strategy
Population-Attributable Risk (PAR)	proportion of disease in the entire population that can be attributed to any one source of exposure, e.g., if the population-attributable risk of smoking were 30% for all cancers, then 30% of all cancers could be prevented by eliminating smoking
Population Health	the health of the population, measured by health status indicators (not to be confused with Public Health)Reference: Chaiton M, Cohen JE, Frank J. Population health and the hardcore smoker: Geoffrey Rose revisited. Journal of Public Health Policy 2008;29(3):307-318.
Population-Level Strategy	synonym for Population Strategy
Population Parameter	a value used to represent a certain quantifiable characteristic of a population, e.g., the population mean, median or mode
Population Strategy	a tobacco control (or other public health) strategy that seeks to lower the mean level of risk factors so that the whole level of exposure in a population is shifted in a favourable direction (cf. High-Risk Strategy)Reference: Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. International Journal of Epidemiology 1985;14(1):32-38.
POS	Point of Sale
Positive Affect	technical term for good mood or sense of well-being, which in smokers may be temporarily enhanced by the use of nicotine (cf. Negative Affect)
Possession Laws	synonym for Youth Possession Laws
Postpartum Relapse	recommencement of smoking by a woman who had quit smoking during or before pregnancy
Potential Reduced Exposure Product (PREP)	smoked tobacco product marketed by the tobacco industry purporting to reduce carcinogenic emissionsReference: Breland AB, Acosta MC, Eissenberg T. Tobacco specific nitrosamines and potential reduced exposure products for smokers: a preliminary evaluation. Tobacco Control 2003;12:317-321.
Power Wall	display of cigarette packages as a highly visible backdrop to the cash register in a retail outletReference: Non-Smokers� Rights Association/Smoking and Health Action Foundation. The Influence of Tobacco Powerwall Advertising on Children. J. Gottheil Marketing Communications Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, 2005. Available at: http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms/file/pdf/Tobacco_Powerwalls.pdf; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Practice-Based Evidence	evidence derived from experience, especially of a service user or practitioner, rather than from research or theoryReference: McDonald PW, Viehbeck SM. From evidence-based practice making to practice-based evidence making: creating communities of research and practice. Health Promotion Practice 2007;8(2):140-144.
Precaution Adoption Process Model	theory positing 7 stages of change in an individual�s health-related behaviour, namely, unaware of issue, aware of issue but not personally engaged, engaged and deciding what to do, planning to act but not having acted yet, having decided not to act, acting and maintenanceReference: Weinstein ND. The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology 1988;7(4):355-386.
PRECEDE	in the Precede-Proceed Model, Predisposing Reinforcing and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation
Precede-Proceed Model	comprehensive structure for assessing health needs and for designing, implementing and evaluating health programsReference: Green LW, Kreuter MW. Health Program Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 2005.
Precontemplation	in the Transtheoretical Model, a stage in the life of a smoker characterized by the absence of any intention to quit smoking in the next 6 months
Predatory Marketing Strategy	aggressive promotion and advertising, e.g., by the tobacco industry, with a connotation of methods designed to entice vulnerable persons and populations
Premature Death	death prior to life expectancy at a given age
Premium Brand	cigarette the tobacco industry sells at an unreduced price
PREP	Potential Reduced Exposure Product
Preparation	in the Transtheoretical Model, a stage in the life of a smoker characterized by the intention to quit smoking within the next 30 days accompanied by some steps towards that goal
Presence	a term used by the tobacco industry to denote the visibility of tobacco products and tobacco product accessories in the retail environment
Prevalence	number of events or amount of a characteristic in a specified population at a specified time, expressed as a percentage or similar rate, e.g., percentage of current smokers among Ontario adults in 2009 or number of current smokers per 100,000 Ontario adult population in 2009 (cf. Incidence)
Prevalence Elasticity	the rate of change in smoking prevalence relative to the rate of change in a (quantifiable) tobacco control measure
Prevention	(1) general term for initiatives meant to discourage smoking initiation and reduce smoking prevalence; (2) a goal area under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy designed to prevent smoking initiation and habitual use among children, youth and young adults(1) Reference: Norman CD, Maley O, Li X, Skinner HA. Using the internet to assist smoking prevention and cessation in schools: a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2008;27(6):799-810.
Prevention Paradox	the tendency of population strategies to bring large benefits to the population as a whole and yet to offer little to most participating personsReference: Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations. International Journal of Epidemiology 1985;14(1):32-38.
Price Differential	a significant difference in the price of cigarettes, especially between jurisdictions, thought to be an underlying factor associated with smuggling
Price Elasticity	the rate of change in the sale of tobacco products relative to the rate of change in the price of tobacco productsReference: Gruber J, Sen A, Stabile M. Estimating price elasticities when there is smuggling: the sensitivity of smoking to price in Canada. Journal of Health Economics 2003;22(5):821-842.
Price of Tobacco Products	cost paid at retail for tobacco products, e.g., a carton of cigarettes, which in Canada varies between provinces mainly because of different tax levels (see also Absolute Price, Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST), Provincial Sales Tax (PST), Real Price, Taxation of Tobacco Products)Reference: Gruber J, Sen A, Stabile M. Estimating price elasticities when there is smuggling: the sensitivity of smoking to price in Canada. Journal of Health Economics 2003;22(5):821-842.
Price-Sensitive	tendency noted particularly among youth to respond to an increase in the price of cigarettes by an overall reduced rate of purchasing and smoking cigarettesReference: Zhang B, Cohen J, Ferrence R, Rehm J. The impact of tobacco tax cuts on smoking initiation among Canadian young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;30(6):474-479.
Price Sign	sign in a retail store indicating the price of tobacco products, often required to meet legal restrictions regarding position, size and colours
Primary Prevention	action taken to avoid or remove the cause of a health problem in an individual or population before it arises, including health promotion and specific protection, e.g., from a disease agent (cf. Secondary Prevention)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
PROCEED	in the Precede-Proceed Model, Policy Regulatory and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development
Process Evaluation	assessment of the process of delivery of a tobacco control program
Product Cue	a visual or other stimulus in the retail environment that provokes the purchase of tobacco products, e.g., impulse purchases
Product Placement	visibility of tobacco products and tobacco product accessories in settings like movies and television programs, which serves the same function as advertising even though it is not perceived as advertisingReference: Feighery EC, Ribisl, KM, Clark PI, Haladjian HH. How tobacco companies ensure prime placement of their advertising and products in stores: interviews with retailers about tobacco company incentive programmes. Tobacco Control 2003;12(2):184-188.
Product Regulation	legislation governing ingredients, emissions, ingredient disclosure and marketing of tobacco products (see also Ingredient Regulation and Tobacco Product Information Regulations)Reference: World Health Organization. The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation. WHO Technical Report Series 945. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/who_tsr.pdf; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Profit Maximization Imperative	legal requirement for corporations, e.g., tobacco companies, to maximize share value and profitsReference: Callard C, Thompson D, Collishaw N. Curing the Addiction to Profits: A Supply-Side Approach to Phasing Out Tobacco. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Ottawa, 2005.
Program	see Tobacco Control Program
Program Training and Consultation Centre	a resource centre of the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy and the Ontario Health Promotion Resource System http://www.ptcc-cfc.on.ca
Prohibition	synonym for BanReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Prohibition of Tobacco Sales in Specific Places. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_4.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Prolonged Abstinence	synonym for Sustained Abstinence
Promising Practices	tobacco control interventions supported by preliminary research evidence to suggest they are likely to produce positive health-related outcomes, with the idea, however, that further research may give rise to better practices
Propel Centre for Population Health Impact	formalized in 2009, Propel is a partnership between the Canadian Cancer Society (CCS) and the University of Waterloo, committed to preventing cancer and chronic disease in Canada and around the world, with a focus on tobacco control, youth health and improved quality of life for those touched by cancer, through research, evaluation and knowledge exchangehttp://www.propel.uwaterloo.ca/?section=1&page=111
Proportion	a type of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator, e.g., if there are 20 current smokers in a room of 100 people then the proportion of current smokers to other people in the room is 20/100 or 20%Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Prospective Study	a research design also called a follow-up study, cohort study, or longitudinal study, in which the subjects are identified and then followed forward in time (cf. Retrospective Study)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Protection	(1) initiative designed to protect nonsmokers and persons not actively engaged in smoking from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke; (2) a goal area under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy to eliminate involuntary exposure to secondhand smokeReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Protection from Secondhand Smoke. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_1.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Provincial Legislation	laws made by the government of any of the ten Canadian provinces, e.g., in Ontario, Health Protection and Promotion Act (HPPA), Smoke-Free Ontario Act (SFOA), Tobacco Tax Act
Provincial Sales Tax (PST)	a tax on goods and services, including cigarettes, which is set as a percentage of retail price (currently 7% on cigarettes in Manitoba and 5% on cigarettes in Saskatchewan), but which is not applied to cigarettes in Alberta, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut or the Yukon (see also Taxation of Tobacco Products)
Provision	condition, requirement or item specified in a legal instrument such as an Act
PSA	Public Service Announcement
PSC	official abbreviation of Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (sometimes written as PSFC) http://www.smoke-free.ca/
PSE	Passive Smoke Exposure, synonym for Passive Smoking
PST	Provincial Sales Tax
Psychosocial	factors reflecting the influence of psychological perspective and social relations
PTCC	(Ontario) Program Training and Consultation Centre
Public Health	according to the Ontario Health Protection and Promotion Ac (HPPA), the organization, provision and delivery of public health programs and services to prevent the spread of disease and to promote and protect the health of the people of Ontario (not to be confused with Population Health)
Public Health Research Education and Development Program (PHRED)	Ontario health promotion program involving boards of health, universities and the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) http://www.phred-redsp.on.ca/aboutPHRED.htm
Public Health Unit (PHU)	in Ontario, any of 36 official health agencies established by urban and rural municipalities to provide health promotion and disease prevention programs, each unit being governed by a board of health and distributed geographically across 7 Tobacco Control Area Networks (TCANS)Available at: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/public/contact/phu/phu_mn.html; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Public Opinion Survey	poll of public attitudes by telephone or questionnaire, which in social science research is often designed to obtain a representative sample
Public Prosecution Service of Canada	federal body that prosecutes smuggling offenses as well as offenses concerning the unlawful manufacture, distribution and possession of contraband tobacco products http://www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca/eng
Public Safety Canada	federal body that provides policy support and advice on smuggling issues and works with stakeholders to devise strategies to address the problem of contraband tobacco http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca
Puff	a single act of drawing on a cigarette, which, if it has occurred even once in a lifetime, by some definitions disqualifies a person as a lifetime abstainer
Pulmonary Obstructive Disease	synonym for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Purposive Sampling	a survey method that contacts potential participants with predefined characteristics for a specific purpose and does not aim for a representative sample
PYLL	Potential Years of Life Lost (synonym for YPLL, Years of Potential Life Lost)
Qualitative Analysis	non-numeric analysis of qualitative data (e.g., units of text) gleaned through techniques such as interviews, case studies, focus groups (cf. Quantitative Analysis)
Quantitative Analysis	the use of statistical techniques to understand quantitative data (e.g., raw numbers, percentages) and to identify relationships between and among variables (see also Meta-analysis; cf. Qualitative Analysis)
Quit Attempt	deliberate and intentional effort to stop smoking permanently, which is successful for at least 24 hours in a daily smoker and longer than 24 hours in a non-daily smoker, the required period depending on normal frequency of smoking
Quit Attempt Rate	(1) percentage of daily smokers who intend to stop smoking permanently and deliberately refrain from smoking for at least 24 hours; (2) percentage of non-daily smokers who intend to stop smoking permanently and deliberately refrain from smoking for longer than 24 hours, the required period depending on normal frequency of smoking (e.g., a person who smokes once a week and intends to quit smoking must refrain from smoking for at least a week before his or her quit attempt becomes part of the numerator)
Quit Intention	synonym for Intention to Quit
Quit Rate	the number of persons who meet a prescribed definition of quitting smoking at a given point in time divided by the total number of persons eligible for inclusion in the calculation
Quit Smoking Contest	program designed to encourage cessation and abstinence, offering incentives and prizes to various groups, e.g., validated quitters, those who make a quit attempt, persons who support someone else�s quit attempt and never smokers who do not start smoking, and which may also award prizes on the basis of a random draw (see also Driven to Quit)
Quit Success	(1) potentially misleading but convenient term to describe an effort to quit smoking that is successful for a prescribed period of time, e.g., 30 days, 6 months, 12 months, depending on the purpose of the assessment; (2) the point at which a person is deemed to have a relatively low probability of relapse
Quit Success Rate	synonym for Quit Rate
Quitline/Quit Line	a type of cessation service reached by telephone that typically offers a number of options to persons who are thinking of quitting smoking, e.g., order fill (information, materials, referral, pharmacotherapy), reactive counseling and assessment which are client-initiated, and proactive counseling involving scheduled telephone calls from the service provider to the client http://www.smokershelpline.ca
Quitter	imprecise non-technical term for a smoker who is engaged in a quit attempt
Quotient	the result of dividing one number by another
Random Digit Dialing (RDD)	a telephone survey sampling method that attempts to ensure a representative sample by contacting potential participants using randomly selected telephone numbers
Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)	a type of randomized controlled trial focused on testing the effect of medications or clinical procedures
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)	a study design in which participants are randomly assigned to receive or not receive an experimental, diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive procedure and then are followed to determine the effect of the interventionReference: Norman CD, Maley O, Li X, Skinner HA. Using the internet to assist smoking prevention and cessation in schools: a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2008;27(6):799-810.
Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS)	since 1999, ongoing telephone survey occurring in various health units across Ontario that gathers surveillance data and monitors public opinion on key public health issues http://www.rrfss.ca
Rapid Smoking	a type of aversive smoking therapy that requires the smoker to take a puff every few seconds so that smoking becomes unpleasantReference: Juliano LM, Hutsmuller EJ, Stitzer ML. A preliminary investigation of rapid smoking as a lapse-responsive treatment for tobacco dependence. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2006:14(4):429-438.
Rate	a type of ratio that measures how frequently an event occurs in a population during a specified period of time, e.g., annual cessation rateReference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Ratio	(1) broadly, the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another, including a rate, a proportion or a percentage, all of which are types of ratios; (2) specifically, the relative magnitude of two separate and distinct quantities, e.g., if a town had 100 tobacco retail outlets and 1000 adult current smokers then the ratio of tobacco retail outlets to adult current smokers in that town would be 1:10Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Raw Leaf Tobacco	leaves and stems of the tobacco plant which have not undergone manufacturing
RBH	Rothmans, Benson & Hedges Incorporated, one of three major tobacco companies in Canada, the other two being Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited and JTI-McDonald CorporationAvailable at: http://www.ocat.org/opposition/industry.html; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
RCMP	Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the national police force responsible for enforcing aspects of federal and provincial law relevant to tobacco control http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca Reference: Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, 2008. Catalogue No. PS61-11/2007; ISBN 978-0-662-05403-0. Available at: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ce-da/tobacco-tabac-strat-2008-eng.htm; accessed Feb. 26, 2009.
RCT	Randomized Clinical Trial or Randomized Controlled Trial
RDD	Random Digit Dialing
RE-AIM	a method of estimating and evaluating the impact of health interventions based on the five criteria of Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and MaintenanceReference: France EK, Glasgow RE, Marcus AC. Smoking cessation interventions among hospitalized patients: what have we learned? Preventive Medicine 2001;32(4):376-388.
Reach	in RE-AIM, the extent to which a project successfully engages its target group, expressed as a percentage of the total target group
Real Price	cost of tobacco products adjusted for inflation and sometimes also taking into account disposable income (cf. Absolute Price)
Recent Quitter	a former smoker who has successfully sustained a quit attempt for a relatively short prescribed period of time, e.g., a number of days or weeks, depending on the assessment
Reduce to Quit	an approach to smoking cessation whereby the smoker gradually reduces the number of cigarettes smoked with the intention of eventually quitting smoking altogether
Regulation	a law made by a person or body whose authority to do so is set out in an Act, which provides details that give effect to the policy established by the Act, e.g., in Canada the Tobacco Products Information Regulations adopted in June 2000 provide details giving effect to the policy established by the 1997 federal Tobacco Act
Regulatory Control	discouragement of tobacco use by means of legislation
Relapse	return to regular smoking after a quit attempt (see also Late Relapse and Postpartum Relapse)
Relative Risk	the ratio of the risk of disease or death among the exposed to the risk among the unexposed, e.g., the ratio of the risk of lung cancer among those exposed to tobacco smoke to the risk among those not exposed to tobacco smoke (cf. Absolute Risk)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Release Criteria	standards to be met before it is prudent to publish statistical information, e.g., relating to response rate, coefficient of variation and confidence interval
Reliability	the degree to which measures used or observations made in a study can be replicated when repeated under the same conditions
Replacement Smokers	new smokers the tobacco industry needs for the sake of sustaining profits to replace smokers who have successfully quit smoking or who have died prematurely from tobacco-related disease
Representative Sample	in survey research, a sample that has approximately the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was drawn (cf. Purposive Sampling)
Research Utilization	the process by which research-based scientific knowledge is put into practice
Reserve	any of about 600 tracts of land in Canada set aside for the use of Aboriginal peoples, which are exempt from all forms of taxation except local taxation, e.g., the Mohawk reserve in Akwasasne straddling Ontario, Quebec and New York State
Respiratory Disease	general category of illnesses that affect lung function and are often caused and worsened by tobacco smoke, e.g., asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
Response Rate	in survey research, the percentage of the sample that responds to the survey, e.g., if 100 questionnaires are mailed out and 80 respondents return a completed questionnaire, then the response rate for that study is 80% (see also Release Criteria)
Restriction	any limitation on activity by statute, regulation or contract provision
Retail	the sale of a product, e.g., tobacco, directly to the ultimate user (cf. Wholesale)
Retail Display	manifestation of tobacco products and tobacco product accessories at the retail point of sale, e.g., convenience store, grocery store, gas stationReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Retail Display of Tobacco Products. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_2.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Retail Environment	places where tobacco products are legally sold directly to the ultimate user, e.g., convenience store, gas station, supermarket Reference: Health Canada. 2005 National Baseline Survey on the Tobacco Retail Environment. Final Report POR-04-48. Corporate Research Associates Inc. Prepared for Health Canada, March 2005. Executive summary available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/por-rop/other-autre_retail-vente-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
Retail License	a tobacco control measure consisting of formal permission from the competent authority to sell tobacco products directly to the consumer, currently required for tobacco retail outlets by some Canadian provinces, e.g., Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and some Ontario municipalities, e.g., Ottawa
Retail License Fee	a tobacco control measure consisting of money to be paid to the competent authority for permission to sell tobacco products directly to the consumer, currently charged by some Canadian provinces, e.g., Quebec and Nova Scotia, and some Ontario municipalities, e.g., Ottawa
Retail Outlet	store that sells tobacco products directly to the consumer
Retailer Compliance	cooperation with the provisions of tobacco legislation, especially youth access laws, on the part of a tobacco retailerReference: Dubray JM, Schwartz RM, Garcia JM, Bondy SJ. Vendor compliance with Ontario�s tobacco point of sale legislation. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2009;100(2):109-112.
Retrospective Study	a research design that looks back in time at events that have already taken place, a prime example being a case-control study (cf. Prospective Study)
Risk Factor	condition, circumstance or disposition known to increase the probability of a health problem, or, by extension, behaviour that leads to a health problem, e.g., smoking tobacco products as a risk factor for lung cancer and coronary heart disease (see also Absolute Risk, At Risk, Attributable Risk, Cancer Risk, Framingham Study, Health Risk, High-Risk, Lifetime Risk, Low-Risk, Population-Attributable Risk (PAR), Relative Risk)Reference: Last JM. A Dictionary of Public Health. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
Risk Ratio	synonym for Relative Risk
RITC	Research for International Tobacco Control http://www.idrc.ca/ritc
RN	Registered Nurse
RNAO	Registered Nurses� Association of Ontario http://www.rnao.org
Roll-Your-Own (RYO)	hand-rolled cigarette the consumer prepares for smoking by wrapping loose tobacco in specially purchased paper and moistening the longitudinal side to seal it during smokingReference: Young D, Borland R, Hammond D, Cummings KM, Devlin E, Young HH, O�Connor RJ. Prevalence and attributes of roll-your-own smokers in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control 2006;15(Supplement 3):iii76-iii82.
Roll-Your-Own Loophole	lower taxation of loose tobacco used for roll-your-own cigarettes as compared with the taxation of a similar quantity of manufactured cigarettesReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Tobacco Taxes. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_3.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Rollback	synonym for Tax Rollback
Royal Assent	final stage in the legislative process by which a bill becomes law, achieved in Ontario by the signature of the Lieutenant Governor on behalf of the Queen once a bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly after Third Reading
RR	Response Rate
RRFSS	Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System
RYO	Roll-Your-Own
Sales Data	data generated by records of the wholesale or retail sale of tobacco products
SAMHSA	(U.S.) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://www.samhsa.gov/
Schizophrenia	psychiatric disorder characterized by loss of contact with environment and disintegration of personality
Scrap	synonym for Chew
Secondary Prevention	use of screening tests or other suitable procedures to detect serious disease as early as possible so that its progress can be arrested, and, if possible, the disease eradicated (cf. Primary Prevention)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Secondhand Smoke (SHS)	tobacco smoke inhaled by persons who are not actively engaged in smoking, which contains numerous harmful chemicals causing serious health problems, e.g., sudden infant death syndrome in infants, asthma and respiratory infections in children and lung cancer in adults, and for which there is no safe level of exposure (see also Mainstream Smoke, Sidestream Smoke; cf. Thirdhand Smoke)Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/index.htm; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Self-Efficacy	in the Health Belief Model, personal conviction that one can successfully execute a required behaviour to achieve better health, e.g., quit smoking
Self-Regulation	see Tobacco Industry Self-Regulation
Self-Report Data	data generated by the subjects of a study or participants in a program or survey when they answer items on a questionnaire, which are usually not corroborated by external objective criteria
Self-Service Display	the display of tobacco products at the point of sale in such a way as to allow the consumer to handle the product before purchase
SES	Socioeconomic Status
SFO	Smoke-Free Ontario http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/health/smoke_free/default.asp
SFOA	Smoke-Free Ontario Act
SFOS	Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy
SHAF	(Canadian) Smoking and Health Action Foundation, policy-focused sister organization of the Non-Smokers� Rights Association (NSRA) http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms
SHAPES	(Canadian) School Health Action Planning and Evaluation System http://www.shapes.uwaterloo.ca/
Shelf-Glider	coloured strip that sits flat along the metal shelf rail of a power wall to highlight the presence of tobacco products
Shelf-Liner	eye-catching coloured material that sits behind the cigarette packages in a power wall
Shelf-Talker	synonym for Dangler
Shisha	water pipe used to smoke tobacco that is often fruit-flavoured
SHL	Smokers� Helpline, synonym for Quitline
SHS	Secondhand Smoke
Sidestream Smoke	(1) in a free-smoking situation (when a person is actually smoking), all of the tobacco smoke issuing from any part of a smoked tobacco product except that which is drawn from the mouth end during puffing (cf. Mainstream Smoke; see also Secondhand Smoke); (2) in a closed situation (when a smoking machine is being used for analytical purposes), the tobacco smoke that does not issue from the mouth end of the smoked tobacco product but rather through the burning end, the paper, etc.Reference: Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (PSC). Dictionary of Tobacco Terms. Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Ottawa, 2009. Available at: http://www.smoke-free.ca/SL/glossary.htm; accessed Mar. 11, 2009.
SIDS	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Signage	signs in retail outlets that indicate the presence of tobacco products for sale, including health warnings and age restrictions, often required to meet legislated guidelines regarding verbal and visual content, positioning, colours, size, etc.
SKU	Stock-Keeping Unit, a level of detail found on the UPC bar code of a pack of cigarettes (see also Brand)
Slotting Allowance	synonym for Slotting Fee
Slotting Fee	promotional allowance also known as a display fee, placement fee or slotting allowance, paid to tobacco retailers by the tobacco industry, which may take various forms, e.g., cash, invoice and payables reductions, free equipment, prizesAvailable at: http://www.smokefreens.ca/displayban.pdf; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Smoke-Free	healthier environmental conditions created by prohibiting smoking in, around or near certain locations, e.g., airports, bars, workplacesReference: Nykiforuk CI, Eyles J, Campbell HS. Smoke-free spaces over time: a policy diffusion study of bylaw development in Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Health and Social Care in the Community 2008;16:64-74.
Smoke-Free Legislation	laws designed to protect people from secondhand smoke by making it illegal to smoke in, around or near certain defined locations, e.g., public places and workplaces
Smoke-Free Long-Term Care Homes Project	a program of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) funded by the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion (MHP) to help long-term care facilities in Ontario implement smoke-free policies consistent with the regulations of the Smoke-Free Ontario Acthttp://www.smokefreeltc.ca/
Smoke-Free Ontario Act	Ontario tobacco control legislation effective May 31, 2006, which amended, renamed and replaced the 1994 Tobacco Control Act, with an effective date for a complete ban on the retail display of tobacco products in Ontario as of May 31, 2008Available at: http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/health/smoke_free/legislation.asp; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy (SFOS)	multi-component policy, program and media campaign in Ontario espousing the three goal areas of prevention, protection and cessation to prevent the uptake of smoking behaviour among youth and young adults, reduce involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke and help smokers to quit (formerly the Ontario Tobacco Strategy (OTS))Available at: http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/health/smoke_free/default.asp; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Smoke Shack/Shop	outlet that sells untaxed cigarettes on a Native reserve, currently at the Canadian price of approximately $6.00 for a baggie of 200 cigarettes (compared with the current Canadian retail price of $70.23 to $93.08 for a legal carton of 200 cigarettes) (see also Carton of Cigarettes)Reference: Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, 2008. Catalogue No. PS61-11/2007; ISBN 978-0-662-05403-0. Available at: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ce-da/tobacco-tabac-strat-2008-eng.htm; accessed Feb. 26, 2009.
Smoked Tobacco Product	tobacco product that needs to be burnt in order to be consumed, e.g., a cigarette, cigar, cigarillo (cf. Smokeless Tobacco)
Smokeless Tobacco	tobacco product that is used without being burnt, e.g., chewed or dissolved in the mouth, and therefore without the production of smoke, some types being betel nut quid, chew, plug, scrap, snuff, snus, spit tobacco, twistReference: Ebbert JO, Carr AB, Dale LC. Smokeless tobacco: an emerging addiction. The Medical Clinics of North America 2004;88(6):1593-1605.
Smoker	imprecise term for a person who smokes or has recently smoked tobacco products, and who may be further described as a current smoker, daily smoker, experimental smoker, hard-core smoker, heavy smoker, non-daily smoker, occasional smoker, etc. (see also Smoking Status)
Smoker�s Cough	non-technical term for the chronic cough experienced by smokers because smoking impairs the ability of the lungs to clean out harmful material
Smoking-Attributable Morbidity	illness in a given population, which is regarded on the basis of scientific evidence to have been caused by the use of tobacco productsReference: Baliunas D, Patra J, Rehm J, Popova S, Taylor B. Smoking-attributable morbidity: acute care hospital diagnoses and days of treatment in Canada, 2002. BMC Public Health 2007;7(1):247.
Smoking-Attributable Mortality	deaths in a given population, which is regarded on the basis of scientific evidence to have been caused by the use of tobacco productsReference: Illing EM, Kaiserman MJ. Mortality attributable to tobacco use in Canada and its regions, 1998. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2004;95(1):38-44.
Smoking Behaviour	refers to a broad array of smoking-related behavior, e.g., smoking initiation, amount smoked daily, quit attempt, relapse (see also Trajectory of Tobacco Use)Reference: Pearce J, Hiscock R, Moon G, Barnett R. The neighborhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behavior. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009;63(1):69-77.
Smoking Incidence	see Incidence
Smoking Initiation	first time smoking or the beginning or early stages of smoking behaviour, e.g., when a person takes a puff of a cigarette for the first time in his or her life
Smoking Intention	synonym for Intention to Smoke
Smoking Machine	a mechanical device allowing reproducible cigarette smoking under standard conditions in a manner designed to approximate human smoking behaviour (see also Mainstream Smoke and Sidestream Smoke)
Smoking Prevalence	see Prevalence
Smoking Status	a person�s status in relation to smoking behaviour, e.g., current smoker, daily smoker, ever smoker, experimental smoker, former smoker, lifetime abstainer, never smoker, non-daily smoker, nonsmoker, social smokerReference: Diemert LM, Bondy SJ, Victor JC, Cohen JE, Brown KS, Ferrence R, Garcia J, McDonald P, Selby P, Stephens T. Efficient screening of current smoking status in recruitment of smokers for population-based research. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(11):1663-1667.
Smoking Trigger	see Trigger
Smoking Uptake	synonym for Smoking Initiation
Smuggling	illegal import or export of tobacco products across international, interstate or interprovincial borders (see also Contraband and Untaxed Cigarettes)Reference: Luk R, Cohen JE, Ferrence R. Contraband cigarettes in Ontario. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report Series, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Snowball Effect	a hypothetical construct suggesting that an increased rate of behaviour in a population (e.g., quitting smoking) creates a kind of momentum that encourages more and more of the same behaviour in the same population
Snuff	preparation of pulverized smokeless tobacco to be inhaled through the nostrils, chewed or placed against the gums, which is sometimes sold in small packets like teabags
Snus	moist powder smokeless tobacco product originally from Sweden, which is consumed by placing under the lip for an extended period
Social Capital	a composite measure consisting of social contacts and networks that tend towards the achievement of mutual benefits
Social Climate	predominant societal beliefs and attitudes reflected in public discourse, the mass media, social institutions and public policy, which in tobacco control may be targeted through health information as part of the goal of denormalizationAvailable at: http://www.socialclimate.org; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Social Marketing	marketing designed to promote a social concern or political idea with techniques similar to those used for the marketing of a product or service
Social Norms	group expectations about the attitudes and behaviour of other people with consequences such as disapproval, criticism and rejection of persons who do not conformReference: Stuber J, Galea S, Link BG. Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status. Social Science & Medicine 2008;67(3):420-430.
Social Smoker	a non-daily current smoker who smokes mainly at social events, sometimes defined as having no more than four cigarettes per social occasion
Social Source	acquaintance, friend or relative from whom tobacco products are obtainedReference: Croghan E, Aveyard P, Griffin C, Cheng KK. The importance of social sources of cigarettes to school students. Tobacco Control 2003;12(1):67-73.
Sociodemographic	relating to social factors, e.g., educational attainment and marital status, and demographic factors, e.g., sex and age
Socioeconomic	relating to social factors, e.g., educational attainment and occupation, and economic factors, e.g., income
Softening of Smoker Population	a hypothetical (and contested) construct denoting the selective quitting of the most severely addicted smokers in a population such that the remaining smokers are even more likely to be successful if they attempt to quit smoking (cf. Hardening of Smoker Population)Reference: Chaiton M, Cohen JE, Frank J. Population health and the hardcore smoker: Geoffrey Rose revisited. Journal of Public Health Policy 2008;29(3):307-318.
Special Groups/Populations	synonym for Vulnerable Populations
Spit Tobacco	smokeless tobacco product in the form of chew, plug or snuff, which is consumed by placing in the mouth
Sponsorship	financial support of sporting, cultural and other events by the tobacco industry usually with the expectation of visibility of tobacco products, tobacco product accessories, or brand-related logos or colour schemes at the event
SRNT	(U.S.-based) Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco http://www.srnt.org
Stages of Change	in the Transtheoretical Model, description of a person�s motivation and readiness to quit smoking according to six phases, namely, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination
Stakeholder	person or group with an interest or share in the success of tobacco control programs, policies and other initiatives
StatCan/StatsCan/STC	abbreviations for Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada	Canada�s national statistical agency legislated to serve the whole of Canada and each province and territory by providing objective statistical information on population, resources, economy, society and culture http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html
Statute	synonym for Act
Stick	synonym for Tobacco Stick
Stimulant	a drug that heightens the activity and sensitivity of the central nervous system (cf. Depressant)
STOP	Stop Smoking Treatment for Ontario Patients, a research study evaluating the effectiveness of providing nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to Ontario smokers by different distribution methodshttp://www.stopstudy.ca/
Strategy	(1) deployment of political, economic and social forces for tobacco control on a broad scale, e.g., Comprehensive Tobacco Control Strategy, Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy, Federal Tobacco Control Strategy, National Strategy to Reduce Tobacco Use in Canada, Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy; (2) general approach to prevention of smoking behaviour, e.g., High-Risk Strategy, Population Strategy
Study Designs and Types	see Case-Control, Cohort, Cost Study, Cross-Sectional Study, Descriptive Study, Double-Blind, Longitudinal Study, Prospective Study, Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Randomized Clinical Trial (RTC), Randomized Controlled Trial (RTC), Retrospective Study
Stupid.ca	an electronic youth forum sponsored by the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion (MHP) to help young people learn about the health effects of smoking and the tobacco industry http://www.stupid.ca/
Subjective Norm	in the Theory of Planned Behaviour, individual expectation as to whether key people approve of one�s behaviour with motivation to behave in a way that gains approval thereby avoiding negative consequences, e.g., criticism and rejection
Substance Abuse/Misuse	synonyms for Substance Use
Substance Use	generic term for non-medical, unsafe or illegal use of drugs, including alcohol and tobacco products
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)	sudden death of an infant (under one year old) without an immediately obvious explanation, for which exposure to secondhand smoke is a risk factor
Supply	quantity of tobacco products offered for sale in a given environment at a particular time (cf. Demand)
Supply-Side Intervention	a solution to the tobacco epidemic based on changing the way tobacco products are manufactured and soldReference: Callard C, Thompson D, Collishaw N. Curing the Addiction to Profits: A Supply-Side Approach to Phasing Out Tobacco. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Ottawa, 2005.
Surveillance	systematic and continuous collection, collation and analysis of health-related information that is communicated in a timely manner to those who need to know so that action can be taken towards effective public health program planning, delivery and management (cf. Monitoring)Reference: Last JM (ed.). A Dictionary of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Survey	method of collecting information on a target population by interview or questionnaire, e.g., CAMH Monitor, Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), Canadian Health Measures Survey, Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS), GATS, GHPS, Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), GSPS, International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4), (U.S.) NSDUH, Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey (OSDUHS), Ontario Tobacco Survey (OTS), Rapid Risk Factor Surveillance System (RRFSS), Youth Smoking Survey (YSS)
Susceptibility	a phase in a person�s life preceding experimentation with smoking, described as the absence of a firm decision not to smokeReference: Pierce JP, Choi WS, Gilpin EA, Farkas AJ, Merritt RK. Validation of susceptibility as a predictor of which adolescents take up smoking in the United States. Health Psychology 1996;15:355-361.
Sustainability	the ability to continue a tobacco control program or strategy for as long as necessary until its goals have been achieved
Sustained Abstinence	quit attempt that is successful for a substantial period of time which may be defined in various ways, e.g., at least 6 monthsReference: Wetter DW, Cofta-Gunn L, Fouladi RT, Cinciripini PM, Sui D, Gritz DR. Late relapse/sustained abstinence among former smokers: a longitudinal study. Preventive Medicine 2004;39(6):1156-1163.
Systems	interrelated elements and environments (sometimes expressed as inputs, throughputs and outputs) that affect population-level tobacco use, e.g., the tobacco industry, populations who smoke or stop smoking, persons harmed by secondhand smoke, public policy, family and social norms, the retail environment, culture and history
Systems Thinking	use of theories, research methods, techniques, procedures and other approaches for understanding the systems that affect population-level tobacco use
Tar	(1) sticky black residue found in tobacco smoke that contains hundreds of chemicals and causes cancer and lung damage; (2) technically, total particulate matter in tobacco smoke minus nicotine and water content
Tax Decrease	synonym for Tax Rollback
Tax-Exempt Cigarettes	synonym for Untaxed Cigarettes
Tax Increase	provincial, territorial or federal tobacco control measure that normally leads to an increase in the retail price of cigarettesReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Tobacco Taxes. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_3.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Tax Rollback	reduction of tax on tobacco products to a previous level, which normally results in lower retail priceReference: Breton E, Richard L, Gagnon F, Jacques M, Bergeron P. Fighting a tobacco-tax rollback: a political analysis of the 1994 cigarette contraband crisis in Canada. Journal of Public Health Policy 2006;27(1):77-99.
Taxation of Tobacco Products	a provincial and federal tobacco control measure and source of government revenue considered to be highly effective in reducing tobacco use and prevalence of smoking, especially among young persons, the current total taxation rate in Canada being about 70% to 75% of the retail price of a carton of cigarettes, depending on the province or territoryAvailable at: http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms/index.cfm?group_id=1199; accessed Mar. 2, 2009. Reference: Stephens T, Pederson LL, Koval JJ, Macnab J. Comprehensive tobacco control policies and the smoking behaviour of Canadian adults. Tobacco Control 2001;10:317-322.
TC	Tobacco Control
TCAN	(Ontario) Tobacco Control Area Network
TCLC	(Canadian federal, provincial or territorial) Tobacco Control Liaison Committee http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/tobac-tabac/prtc-relct-2003/appendixb-annexeb8-eng.php
TEACH	Training Enhancement in Applied Cessation Counseling and Health, an Ontario program providing training in cessation counseling for healthcare professionals since June 2006http://www.teachproject.ca/
Tear Tape	plastic ribbon wrapped around a pack of cigarettes or fine-cut tobacco which facilitates the opening of the cellophane wrapping that encloses the package and indicates by prescribed markings the geographic origin and legal tax status of the product
Telephone Quitline/Telephone Support Hotline	synonyms for Quitline
Termination	in the Transtheoretical Model, the last stage of a successful attempt to quit smoking
Territorial Legislation	laws made by the government of any of the three Canadian territories, namely, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut or Yukon
Test Shopper	young person employed by legitimate authority to attempt to buy cigarettes in a retail outlet to see whether or not the retailer complies with the youth access provisions of tobacco control legislation, e.g., under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act the retailer must request identification of anyone attempting to buy tobacco who appears to be under the age of 25Reference: Dubray J, Schwartz R, Garcia J, Bondy S, Victor JC. Formative evaluation of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Comparison of Baseline and Two Post-SFOA Measurements. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov2_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
The Patch	synonym for Nicotine Patch
Theory of Planned Behaviour	theory of individual behaviour that specifies the nature of the relationship between beliefs, attitudes, intentions and actions on the one hand and perceived control over actions on the other handReference: Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 1991;50(2):179-211.
Thiocyanate	a biochemical substance produced by smoking tobacco products which is used as a biomarker of smoking in cessation studies and treatment programs
Thirdhand Smoke	a relatively new concept in tobacco control referring to residual tobacco smoke left on surfaces, e.g., clothing, furniture, walls, after the smoked tobacco product is extinguished, which contains many of the toxic chemicals found in secondhand smoke and upon exposure leaves biomarkers, e.g., cotinine, in urine, including the urine of infants and children (see also Off-Gassing)Reference: Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, Sherrod C, Matt GE, Hovell MF, McMillen RC. Beliefs about the effects of �thirdhand� smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics 2009;123(1):e74-e79.
TI	Tobacco Industry
TID	Tobacco Industry Denormalization
TIMS	see Tobacco Informatics Monitoring System
TIS	(Ontario) Tobacco Inspection System, an administrative tool of the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care for monitoring retailer compliance with the Smoke-Free Ontario ActReference: Dubray J, Schwartz R, Garcia J, Bondy S, Victor JC. Formative evaluation of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. Comparison of Baseline and Two Post-SFOA Measurements. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, November 2007. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_nov2_2007.pdf; accessed Feb. 12, 2009.
Tobacco	(1) a large-leafed plant (Nicotiana tabacum or Nicotania rustica) that contains nicotine, an addictive drug, and can be grown on all continents other than Antarctica; (2) general term for tobacco products
Tobacco Act	1997 Canadian federal legislation prohibiting the sale of tobacco by vending machine and to persons under the age of 18, among other provisionsAvailable at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/federal/tobac-tabac-eng.php; accessed Oct. 5, 2009.
Tobacco Advertising	see Advertising
Tobacco Behaviour	synonym for Smoking Behaviour
Tobacco Company	individual company that forms part of the tobacco industry, e.g., in Canada, Imperial Tobacco Canada Limited (ITL), JTI-McDonald Corporation (JTI), Rothmans, Benson & Hedges (RBH)
Tobacco Control	prevention, containment, reduction and elimination of harms caused by the use of tobacco products, especially health-related harms, by means of advocacy, research, education, knowledge exchange, programs, policies and legislationReference: Cunningham R. Smoke & Mirrors. The Canadian Tobacco War. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, 1996.
Tobacco Control Act	1994 Ontario tobacco control legislation superseded by the Smoke-Free Ontario Act in 2006
Tobacco Control Activist	a person who is committed to action to protect the health of individuals and the public from the avoidable harm caused by the use of tobacco products
Tobacco Control Advocacy	argument, action or behaviour on the part of a group or individual that is intended to reduce the harms caused by tobacco products, especially an attempt to influence local, governmental and legislative bodies in this direction
Tobacco Control Area Network (TCAN)	any of 7 geographic divisions across Ontario (South West, Central West, Toronto, Central East, East, North West, North East) encompassing all 36 Public Health Units (PHUs), which provide tobacco control administration and leadership under the Smoke-Free Ontario StrategyReference: Dubray JM, Schwartz RM, Garcia JM, Bondy SJ. Vendor compliance with Ontario�s tobacco point of sale legislation. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2009;100(2):109-112.
Tobacco Control Funding	money dedicated to tobacco control on the part of government and other agencies, which may be a funding commitment (projected expenditure as per budgetary statements and press releases) or an actual expenditure (see also Per Capita Funding)Reference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Tobacco Control Funding Commitments. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_5.pdf; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
Tobacco Control Innovation	an approach, activity or program for discouraging tobacco use that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption
Tobacco Control Intervention	general term for an action, activity or program designed to discourage tobacco use
Tobacco Control Policy	overall plan especially of a governmental body embracing general goals of tobacco control and acceptable procedures for attaining those goals
Tobacco Control Program	a plan or system under which action is taken towards some tobacco control objective, e.g., Aboriginal Tobacco Program (ATP), Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.), Driven to Quit (DTQ), Healthy Eating Active Living (HEAL), Leave the Pack Behind (LTPB), Lungs Are For Life (LAFL), Media Network for a Smoke-Free Ontario (Media Network), Public Health Research Education and Development Program (PHRED), Smoke-Free Long-Term Care Homes Project, TEACH, Youth Action Alliance (YAA), Youth Advocacy Training Institute (YATI), Youth Tobacco Vortal Project (YTVP)
Tobacco Control Strategy	see Strategy
Tobacco Corporation	a legal instrument created for the purpose of facilitating trade in and maximizing profits from the sale of tobacco products, e.g., JTI-McDonald CorporationReference: Callard C, Thompson D, Collishaw N. Curing the Addiction to Profits: A Supply-Side Approach to Phasing Out Tobacco. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, Ottawa, 2005.
Tobacco Dependence	synonym for Nicotine DependenceReference: Juliano LM, Hutsmuller EJ, Stitzer ML. A preliminary investigation of rapid smoking as a lapse-responsive treatment for tobacco dependence. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2006:14(4):429-438.
Tobacco Epidemic	see Epidemic
Tobacco Firm	synonym for Tobacco Company
Tobacco-Free	(1) synonym for Smoke-Free; (2) describes a product that does not contain tobacco though it might be expected to contain tobacco, e.g., tobacco-free betel nut quid
Tobacco in Bulk	for import-export taxation purposes, 10,000 or more cigarettes, 200 or more cigars, or 10 kilograms or more of any other tobacco product
Tobacco Industry (TI)	collective term for producers, manufacturers, shippers, distributors and promoters of tobacco products
Tobacco Industry Denormalization (TID)	tobacco control strategy that focuses on the tobacco industry as the cause of the tobacco epidemic and demonstrates through initiatives such as media campaigns that tobacco companies operate outside the rules of normal business practice and that tobacco is not an acceptable product in the marketplaceAvailable at: http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms/file/pdf/Denormalization_English_Booklet.pdf; accessed Feb. 18, 2009.
Tobacco Industry Documents	internal records and communications of the tobacco industry sometimes used in litigation against the tobacco industry as evidence of its deceptive practicesReference: Lavack AM, Toth G. Tobacco point-of-purchase promotion: examining tobacco industry documents. Tobacco Control 2006;15(5):377-384.
Tobacco Industry Marketing	tobacco industry activities designed to encourage smokingand maintain and increase tobacco product sales (see also Brand Awareness, Brand Image, Brand Line Extension, Lifestyle Advertising, Power Wall, Predatory Marketing Strategy, Product Cue, Product Placement, Sponsorship, Tobacco Product Accessories)Reference: Pierce JP. Tobacco industry marketing, population-based tobacco control and smoking behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;33(Supplement 6):S327-S324.
Tobacco Industry Self-Regulation	controversial approach to tobacco control whereby the tobacco industry is allowed to impose certain limitations on its own practices rather than being required by law to observe those limitations, e.g., in Canada, the voluntary agreement by the major tobacco companies to stop using the labels �light� and �mild� as of July 31, 2007
Tobacco Informatics Monitoring System (TIMS)	innovative web-based application from the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU) providing access to authoritative current data on key tobacco control indicators, such as rates of current smoking, quitting behaviour, lifetime abstinence from smoking and workplace exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS)http://tims.otru.org
Tobacco Juice	colloquial term for saliva coloured brown by the use of snuff and other types of smokeless tobacco products
Tobacco Marketing	synonym for Tobacco Industry Marketing
Tobacco Policy	synonym for Tobacco Control Policy
Tobacco Product	any smoked or smokeless product that contains tobacco and is intended for consumption, e.g., cheroot, chew, cigar, cigarette, cigarillo, loose tobacco, plug, scrap, snuff, snus, spit tobacco, tobacco stick, twist
Tobacco Product Accessories	paraphernalia associated with tobacco products, e.g., ashtrays, lighters, matches, which are sometimes labeled with a tobacco-related brand name, logo or colour scheme
Tobacco Product Advertising	see Advertising
Tobacco Product Marketing	synonym for Tobacco Industry Marketing
Tobacco Product Regulation	legislation governing the contents and design of tobacco products and ingredient disclosureReference: World Health Organization. The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation. WHO Technical Report Series 945. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2007. Available at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/who_tsr.pdf; accessed Feb. 9, 2009.
Tobacco Products Information Regulations	as of June 2000, regulations adopted under the 1997 Canadian federal Tobacco Act, requiring tobacco manufacturers to include graphic health warnings, a toxic emissions statement and health information messages on tobacco product containersAvailable at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/tobac-tabac/rc/index-eng.php; accessed Feb. 18, 2009.
Tobacco Program	synonym for Tobacco Control Program
Tobacco Promotion	any direct or indirect activity that encourages people to buy, sell and use tobacco products or causes people to think well of tobacco products and the tobacco industryReference: Cohen JE, Planinac LC, Griffin K, Robinson DJ, O�Connor SC, Lavack A, Thompson FE, Di Nardo J. Tobacco promotions at point-of-sale. The last hurrah. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2008;99(3):166-171.
Tobacco Retail Display	see Retail Display
Tobacco Retail Environment	see Retail Environment
Tobacco Retail License	see Retail License
Tobacco Retail License Fee	see Retail License Fee
Tobacco Retail Outlet	see Retail Outlet
Tobacco Smoke Pollution (TSP)	synonym for secondhand smoke especially with reference to the serious health hazard created for children when they are exposed to tobacco smoke in carsReference: Sendzik T, Fong G, Travers MJ, Hyland A. An experimental investigation of tobacco smoke pollution in cars. Special Report. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, March 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/special/special_mar_2008.pdf; accessed Feb. 10, 2009.
Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNA)	carcinogens found only in tobacco products, which are associated with tumours of the lung, oral cavity, esophagus, pancreas and liverReference: Breland AB, Acosta MC, Eissenberg T. Tobacco specific nitrosamines and potential reduced exposure products for smokers: a preliminary evaluation. Tobacco Control 2003;12:317-321.
Tobacco Stick	roll or tubular construction of a smoked tobacco product other than a cigar that requires further preparation before being consumed
Tobacco Strategy	synonym for Tobacco Control Strategy
Tobacco Strategy Advisory Group (TSAG)	a group of health promotion and tobacco control experts established in March 2009 by the Ontario Ministry of Health Promotion and Sport to advise the Ministry on the development of a five-year plan to renew the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy, resulting in a 44-page report entitled Building On Our Gains, Taking Action Now: Ontario�s Tobacco Control Strategy for 2011 to 2016. Report from the Tobacco Strategy Advisory Group to the Minister of Health Promotion and Sport, October 18, 2010.http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/en/smoke-free/TSAG%20Report.pdf
Tobacco Tax Act	1990 Ontario provincial legislation governing numerous aspects of provincial tobacco product taxation, manufacturing, import, export and stamping and marking of tobacco product containersAvailable at: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90t10_e.htm; accessed Mar. 2, 2009.
Tobacco Taxation/Taxes	see Taxation of Tobacco Products
Tobacco Test Shopper	see Test Shopper
Tobacco Use	use of smoked or smokeless tobacco productsReference: Mills C, Stephens T, Wilkins K. Summary report of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1994;15(3):105-110.
Tobacconist	retailer who sells tobacco products primarily or exclusively, and who is sometimes exempted from provisions of tobacco control legislation that apply to other tobacco retailers
Tombstone Advertising	advertising of tobacco products that is limited to black and white with no use of human or animal images, cartoon characters or music
Total n	synonym for Total Sample
Total Sample	the total number of survey respondents or other study participants
Toxic	poisonous
Toxicity	the state of being poisonous or the degree to which something is poisonous, e.g., the toxicity of secondhand smoke
Toxin	a poison, e.g., in tobacco smoke, ammonia, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide, among others (see also Carcinogen)
TPM	Total Particulate Matter
TPP	Transfer Payment Program, a financial program managed by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/rpp-2005-06/transferpayments-eng.php; accessed Feb. 18, 2009.
Tracking and Tracing	an anti-contraband measure recommended by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) that consists of an effective marking system for tobacco product packaging allowing for close monitoring of shipments of tobacco using special scanners, currently in use in Malaysia and CaliforniaAvailable at: http://www.nsra-adnf.ca/cms/file/pdf/A_DEADLY_THREAT_TO_TAXATION.pdf; accessed Oct. 14, 2009.
Trajectory of Tobacco Use	history and pattern of individual smoking behaviour throughout a lifetime, consisting of various dimensions, e.g., smoking initiation, dependence, quit attempts, relapses
Transactional Cost	cost associated with a purchase other than actual payment for the product, especially relating to time, hassle and inconvenience, e.g., travel time to a store that sells tobacco products
Transdermal	through the skin, e.g., Transdermal Nicotine Patch
Transtheoretical Model (TTM)	description of an individual�s motivation and readiness to change a health-related behaviour (e.g., smoking), conceptualized in 6 stages, namely, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and terminationReference: Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion 1997;12(1):38-48.
Trigger	situations, thoughts, feelings or behaviours that triggerthe urge to smoke, e.g., drinking alcohol or coffee (see also Nicotine Craving)
TSAG	see Tobacco Strategy Advisory Group
TSNA	Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines
TSP	Tobacco Smoke Pollution
TTB	official abbreviation of the federal U.S. Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau http://www.ustreas.gov/
TTC	Transnational Tobacco Company
TTM	Transtheoretical Model
Tumour	abnormal mass of tissue that is not inflammatory, arises without obvious cause from cells of pre-existing tissue, possesses no physiologic function, and may be non-cancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant)
Twist	a form of smokeless tobacco consisting of braided tobacco leaves that are twisted into a rope while green and then cured in the same manner as other tobacco and consumed by being chewed
Type A Carcinogen	class of substance that causes cancer in human beings, e.g., benzene
Underage	see Minimum Age
Unearned Media	synonym for Paid Media
Unmarked/Unstamped Cigarettes	synonym for Untaxed Cigarettes
Untaxed Cigarettes	cigarettes that are exempt from provincial and federal taxes under the Indian Act as an expression of Aboriginal self-government, which may be legally sold only on Native reserves to persons who have the right to buy such cigarettes; (2) cigarettes whose manufacturers and distributors deliberately and illegally evade the required taxes (see also Excise Act)Reference: Luk R, Cohen JE, Ferrence R, McDonald PW, Schwartz R, Bondy SJ. Prevalence and correlates of purchasing contraband cigarettes on First Nations reserves in Ontario, Canada. Addiction 2009;104(3):488-495.
UPC	Universal Product Code (see also Brand)
Uptake	(1) synonym for Smoking Initiation or early stages of use of tobacco products; (2) adoption of a tobacco control program or policy
Validity	generally, the extent to which a measure accurately represents an underlying construct or a conclusion accurately describes an underlying phenomenon (see also External Validity, Face Validity, Internal Validity)
Varenicline	antidepressant prescription medication, e.g., Champix, Zyban®, sold in tablets and used as an aid to smoking cessation
Variety	tobacco industry term for what is familiarly called a brand
Vector	in the epidemiologic model of disease transmission, a carrier that conveys an infective agent to a susceptible human host within a certain environment, and, by extension to the social sciences, the tobacco industry as a conveyor of tobacco products to the consumer
Vending Machine	coin-operated machine for selling cigarettes which is an illegal method of sale in Canada under the 1997 federal Tobacco Act
Vendor	synonym for Retailer
Ventilation	dilution of mainstream smoke with air from the atmosphere achieved by pores and perforations in cigarette and filter paperReference: Kozlowski LT, O�Connor RJ. Cigarette filter ventilation is a defective design because of misleading taste, bigger puffs, and blocked vents. Tobacco Control 2002;11:i40-i50.
Visibility	manifestation of tobacco products, signage and accessories at the point of sale
Visual Cue	tobacco-related material on display, e.g., in the retail environment, that is intended to stimulate purchase of cigarettes
Voluntary Restrictions	(1) synonym for Tobacco Industry Self-Regulation; (2) willing curtailment of smoking by an individual or group in the absence of a legal requirement, e.g., when parents decide not to smoke at home in the presence of children
Vulnerable Groups/Populations	groups of people who are at risk for smoking behaviour or high smoking prevalence (e.g., Aboriginal communities, blue-collar workers, psychiatric patients)
Warning Labels	synonym for Health Warnings
Water Pipe	smoking device consisting of a bowl mounted on a vessel of water, which is provided with a long tube and so arranged that the smoke is drawn through the cooling water and up the tube to the mouth, types being bong, goza, hookah, hubble bubble, narguile, shishaReference: Primack BA, Sidani J, Agarwal AA, Shadel WG, Donny EC, Eissenberg TE. Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2008;36(1):81-86. Reference: World Health Organization (WHO). Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators. WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. World Health Organization Tobacco Free Initiative. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2005. http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/Waterpipe%20recommendation_Final.pdf
Weedless Wednesday	an annual Canadian cessation awareness event scheduled as a focal point for National Non-Smoking Week in the third full week of January with emphasis on a one-day-at-a-time approach to quitting smoking http://www.nnsw.ca/
WHO	World Health Organization, the United Nations body devoted to public health http://www.who.int
Wholesale	the sale of tobacco products in quantity usually for resale (cf. Retail)
Withdrawal	physical or psychological discomfort of varying degrees of severity which smokers often experience upon trying to quit, reduce or delay smoking
Withdrawal Symptoms	specific discomforts experienced by smokers who quit, reduce or delay smoking, e.g., cough, dry mouth, headache, insomnia,negative affect, nicotine craving
WNTD	World No Tobacco Day
World No Tobacco Day (WNTD)	a global smoke-free awareness event sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO) that occurs every year on May 31stAvailable at: http://www.who.int/tobacco/wntd/2008/en; accessed Feb. 18, 2007.
YAA	(Ontario) Youth Action Alliance
YATI	(Ontario) Youth Advocacy Training Institute
YDS	(Ontario) Youth Development Specialist, general title for a tobacco control program leader who trains youth in tobacco control issues
YETI	(Ontario) Youth Engaged in Tobacco-Free Initiatives
Young Adult	a person who is older than an adolescent but younger than middle-aged, variously defined as 15 to 24, 18 to 24, 20 to 24 years old, etc., a group which in any case is at risk for smoking behaviour (see also Leave The Pack Behind (LTPB))Reference: Zhang B, Cohen J, Ferrence R, Rehm J. The impact of tobacco tax cuts on smoking initiation among Canadian young adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;30(6):474-479.
Youth	collective term for young persons, sometimes defined as 12 to 17 years old, a group that is at risk for smoking initiation
Youth Access	the relative ease or difficulty with which underage persons acquire tobacco products, which can be controlled by policies on minimum age and priceReference: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. The Tobacco Control Environment: Ontario and Beyond. [Special Reports: Monitoring and Evaluation Series, 2007-2008 (Vol. 14, No. 1)]. Youth Access to Tobacco Products. Monitoring Update. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Toronto, 2008. Available at: http://www.otru.org/pdf/14mr/14mr_no1_6.pdf; accessed Feb. 11, 2009.
Youth Access Laws	legislation intended to protect underage persons from the harms caused by tobacco products, e.g., making it illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to persons under a certain age or prohibiting youth from entering premises where tobacco products are sold (see also Minimum Age Law)Reference: Ahmad S. Closing the youth access gap: the projected health benefits and cost savings of a national policy to raise the legal smoking age to 21 in the United States. Health Policy 2005;75(1):74-84.
Youth Action Alliance (YAA)	an Ontario program for peer-led youth groups dedicated to tobacco control under the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy; YAA lost most of its funding at the end of August 2009, and is expected to lose all of its funding by the end of December 2009.
Youth Advocacy Training Institute (YATI)	an OntarioLung Association program to help youth develop tobacco control knowledge and skills http://www.yationlung.ca/
Youth Engaged in Tobacco-Free Initiatives (YETI)	youth groups from various Ontario public health units advocating for a healthy, happy and tobacco-free lifestyle as part of the Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy http://www.smoke-fx.com/local/thunderbay
Youth Possession Laws	controversial legislation currently in effect in Alberta and Nova Scotia assigning culpability to underage persons for buying or being in possession of tobacco products as opposed to legislation that places the onus of responsibility on the seller or supplier (see also Minimum Age Law)Reference: Pyra Management Consulting Services, Inc. Is it Making a Difference? An Evaluation of Nova Scotia�s Youth Tobacco Possession Law. Smoke Free Kings, Halifax, June 2005. Available at: http://smokefreekings.org/Youth_Posession_Study.pdf; accessed Feb. 18, 2009.
Youth Smoking Survey (YSS)	since 1994, Health Canada-sponsored survey of Canadian students and their parents, formerly including grades 5 through 9 but since 2008-2009 including grades 6 through 12, that provides data on national prevalence, purchasing behaviour and the effect of tobacco marketing on youthAvailable at: https://www.yss.uwaterloo.ca/ysssite_app/controller/index.cfm; accessed Feb. 17, 2009.
Youth Tobacco Vortal Project (YTVP)	an Ontario-based program that teaches youth about tobacco control via the Internet http://www.smoke-fx.com/local/hpechu/tobacco.shtml
YPLL	Years of Potential Life Lost, synonym for Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL), e.g., an estimate of extra years of life a deceased smoker would have had if he or she had not smoked tobacco products
YSS	Youth Smoking Survey
YTVP	(Ontario-based) Youth Tobacco Vortal Project
Zoning Law	urban planning ordinance which designates permitted uses of land based on mapped zones that separate one set of land uses from anotherReference: Ashe M, Jernigan D, Kline R, Galaz R. Land use planning and the control of alcohol, tobacco, firearms, and fast food restaurants. American Journal of Public Health 2003;93:1404-1408.
Zyban®	(Bupropion Hydrochloride); antidepressant pharmacological aid to quitting smoking

The OTRU Glossary of Tobacco Control provides brief definitions of over 1,000 tobacco control terms, abbreviations and acronyms. Definitions are based on many sources including dictionaries, legislative texts, websites, reports, books, peer-reviewed journal articles and communications from tobacco control experts. A single definition often reflects material from more than one source.

While we have tried to be comprehensive in producing this resource, the language of tobacco control is constantly evolving and there may be relevant terms that are not listed or terms whose meanings may have changed.

Comments about the glossary or particular definitions are welcome and can be sent to lise_anglin@camh.net. For technical assistance, please contact sonja_johnston@camh.net


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